Oderbruch

Or break is also the name of a main character in a drama of Zuckmayer, see The Devil's General ( Drama ) and for filming The Devil's General (film). The reasons for the choice of this unusual name is currently unknown.

The Oder (from MHG bruoch: ' marsh ', ' bog ' ) is an inland delta of the River Oder in the district of Mark- land or of the federal state of Brandenburg and Poland.

Location

The nearly 60 km long and 12 to 20 km wide Oder extends between the cities and Bad Or Freiwalde in the northwest and Lebus in the south east. The second largest tributary of the Oder after - also the largest tributary of the Oder - is the Warta, which opens about ten kilometers to the entrance to the Oder. In the west, the Oder is limited by the high of Barnim and the country Lebus, in their hillside location the cities Wriezen and Seelow are. The eastern border is formed by the Neumärkische hill country and the Warta valley. Excluding the Neuenhagener island or the break between riding and wine Hohensaaten has a total area of 920 km ². West of the river, it is since the mid -18th century, a river polder, while, today located on the 17 % of the area on the east bank in Poland, has received the original wetland. The bottom of the Oderbruchs forms a very weakly inclined plane and falls from 14 m in the southeast to one meter sea level in the north- west. The low-lying only 2-6 km wide portion west of the Neuenhagener spur is called Niederes Oder.

History

Floodplain

In the Oder Odra is part of the resultant in the Weichseleiszeit Thorn- Eberswalde glacial valley. Until the 18th century, or more arms snaked in through this valley that was flooded several times a year to a large extent of flooding, which is also the course and meaning of arms or changed. In the first half of the 18th century, the main stream of the Oder to Güstebiese (now Gozdowice ) flowed on the eastern edge of the valley, thence westward toward Wriezen, thence Freiwalde along and west to the moraine of the Neuenhagener spur around in direction or Berg and then eastward to Hohensaaten where its present bed followed. The illustrated drive from Güstebiese is now called Old Or. The most important left tributary, now also " Old Or ," chain already on Reitweiner spur north of Lebus towards Seelow from and flowed along the western edge of the valley north westward to Wriezen. The lower part of this Oderarms is now called Friedlander power and resulted in Wriezen in the former main stream. An old right tributary flowed on the northeast edge of the valley. Part of it has risen in today's main stream. The lowest ( western ) part is obtained as silence Or. Important source of income of the places at the edge and then the few places in the Oder was fishing.

Draining

The current landscape of Oderbruchs was marked by the straightening of the Oder in the 18th century. The diking and draining of wetlands was carried out according beginnings in 1735 essentially 1747-1762 under the Prussian King Frederick II stands in honor Him in Letschin a monument in gratitude for the induced drainage of Oderbruchs.

According to the plans by the hydraulic engineer and upper dike inspector Simon Leonard of Haerlem the Odra was moved along the eastern edge of the valley on the Oder. To this end, a 18.83 km long, edged with dikes, largely straight canal was built, which reduced the river around 25 km. In Hohenwutzen the moraine of the Neuenhagener spur was pierced for shortening the run or at a suitable location, which thereby became the Neuenhagener Or island. A system of ditches made ​​for the drainage of the wetland. On July 2, 1753 cofferdam was pierced at Güstebiese and thus flooded the new course of the river Oder. Since then, the Oder is directed past the eastern edge of the Odra on the Oder, while the water collects from the Meliorationsgebiet in the Old Or. As planned, after a short time were large areas of dry and could be settled, about 130,000 acres ( 32,500 ha) of fertile farmland had been won.

Colonization

The scheduled settlement began in 1753 in the newly created road villages. As the first landscaped place in the course of settlement applies Neulietzegöricke, now a part of the community and provided as Neulewin village complex historical monument. Many places that arose in connection with the settlement, can be seen on New ... with name beginning. The new settlers were recruited specifically outside Prussia with perks and came from Hesse -Darmstadt, Mecklenburg, Palatinate -Zweibrücken, Saxony and Württemberg, but also from Lower Austria and from the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel. In addition, there were also numerous settlers from the Neumark surrounding area, which used the now dry surfaces covered for direct colonization from the adjacent heights from. In French-speaking settlers today still remember the place name Beauregard and Vevais. The Barbican Croustillier (originally La Crustille ) is merely a Francophile modification to Ranft ( the Ränftchen ).

Or flood

1785, 1838, 1947, 1981/82, 1997 and 2010, the Oder was hit or threatened by severe floods.

Towards the end of the Second World War, the entire Oder has been hard hit in the spring of 1945 in the Battle of Berlin affected. Numerous villages were in ruins.

The largest flood disaster of the 20th century in the Oder occurred in the spring of 1947. During the night of March 22 was formed as a result of drift ice conditions near the Umflutkanals at Kuestrin -Kietz an ice barrier. It accumulated in a short time, large amounts of water that flooded the dike north of riding or wine at two points in a length of about 100 m. The flood even reached several kilometers away from the river Bad Freiwalde. More than 20,000 people were homeless at the time.

In addition to the critical Johanni - flood in 1997 there was another extreme flood in winter 1981/82 with the dangerous for the dike or ice conditions.

In inland flood of 2010, due to heavy rains in August and destroyed the geographical peculiarity of Oderbruchs in many parts of the crops. This was due to heavy rainfall with part 200 liters per square meter of rain that could fill up the Oder.

The ten highest peak water levels at Hohensaaten:

Further development

For the dike construction and preservation of land Planning Director Martin Friedrich Creutz designed a dike order, which was adopted in pond and riparian order for Lebusische lowlands along the Oder by the King on 23 June 1717. She closed the inhabitants of the Upper Or break together at a Deichverband. Today, the waters and Deichverband Oder takes on this task.

By 1895, a pumping station was built in and a Neutornow at Liepe to the area safer to drain northeast of Wriezen and to make greater use and the low- Oder -west of the island Neuenhagener or agricultural. In the pumped area is the waters mirror - even the groundwater surface - sometimes only 0.5 m above sea level.

In order to improve the functioning of the Old Or, 1906-1926 the Hohensaaten- Friedrichsthaler Waterway ( HFW ) was applied, a channel (artificial Oderarm ) on the western edge of the Odra river downstream of the Oderbruchs, the water level into Hohensaaten with 0.4 m at the upper end NN nearly 3 m ( 3.2 m above sea level) is below the mean water level of the Oder, which flows into the portion on the eastern edge of the valley and a much larger gap has. The north of the island lying Neuenhagener Or, the HFW upstream lower part of the Old Or is now called or provision. Their medium water level is zzt. at 1.2 m above sea level.

Beavers in the Oder

The beaver was here as eradicated. 1986 were taken from the Elbe and settled in the Oder 46 copies. Well, the stock has recovered magnificently and forms a stable population. A 2008 study has counted about 60 settlements with approximately 250 copies in the north of Frankfurt Oder located. The total number of animals but is estimated in the study to well below 500 animals in the entire Oder. For several years, however, the animals leave an indelible mark: Felled or gnawed trees, by dams dammed water waterlogged fields, beaver lodges undermine fields or levees. Even more critical is the doings of the beaver to the dikes Or, if they with their beaver boilers destroy as Güstebieser Loose the turf in the dike and give rise to deep holes.

To address the potential for conflict, the waters and Deichverband Oder care with a beaver management to a more relaxed attitude of the inhabitants of Oderbruchs the United rodents since 2009.

Places in the Oder and at its edges

To the west of the Oder:

• Altreetz
• Old Tucheband
• Bleyen
• Bad Freiwalde
• Golzow
• Gorgast
• Hathenow
• Kuestrin -Kietz
• Kienitz
• Lebus
• Letschin
• Manschnow
• Neulewin
• Neulietzegöricke
• Neutrebbin
• Oderaue
• Podelzig
• Rathstock
• Riding wine
• Wriezen
• Zechin

East bank of the Oder:

• Kostrzyn ( Kuestrin )
• Districts of Gmina (Town ) Mieszkowice ( Bärwalde ) Gozdowice ( Güstebiese )

Attractions

In addition to the sparsely populated landscape that is ideal for cycling and hiking, or break offers the following attractions:

• Open-air museum Altranft
• Loose - yards, which arose in 1780 in the entire Oder
• Altdörfer (eg Altwriezen and Altwustrow ) and colonists villages (eg Neulewin and Neulitzegöricke )
• Ferry in Güstebieser Loose connecting the German and the Polish part of the Oderbruchs since end of October 2007 at an historic location. She is from April to October during the day in operation.
• Neuhardenberg
• Recreation and adventure village Gross Neuendorf ( art galleries, historic waterfront with Oderblick, skating rinks, Oder-Neisse Cycle Route, pottery, museums, boat trips )
• Musenhof Kunersdorf colonnades with adjoining graves
• Inland Maritime Museum, or mountain ( with an old paddle steamer ' Riesa ' who drove past on the Upper Elbe )
• Water trails (eg the current - Or or the old Oder), which can be conquered by various canoe rental stations.
• Oderbruchzoo Altreetz
• Stueler Church Riding wine and the nearby Soviet command post of the Battle of the Seelow Heights
• Monastery church Altfriedland with ruins of the monastery Friedland am Klostersee

Particularly interesting are the spring with the partially flooded polders and cold winter with the frozen Oder and the times of bird migration. Alone at Kietzer lake, the waters of the central European bird sanctuary Altfriedländer pond and lake area, raced up to 30,000 migrating seeds and white-fronted geese in the fall.

For cyclists, the former railway line from Wriezen was attached to Neurüdnitz as a bike path. Even path parallel to the dyke Or are very popular with cyclists. Directly on the dike or leads of the Oder- Neisse Cycle along - now one of the most popular in Germany.