Scombridae

Blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus )

The mackerels and tunas ( Scombridae ) are a family of marine fish, which occur in all temperate, subtropical and tropical oceans worldwide. They are of great economic importance to fisheries.

Features

The different types reach a size of about 20 centimeters to 4.58 meters ( this record size was measured at a bluefin tuna ). The females of many species are larger than the male. The body of the mackerel and tuna is elongated and spindle-shaped, laterally flattened slightly in some species. Mackerel -like have either no or only small cycloid scales ( medium at Gasterochisma ) and 31-64 vertebrae. In some species, the region is covered behind the head and around the pectoral fins of a corset of large, thick scales, the rest of the body is scaleless or is covered only by small scales.

The fish have two dorsal fins, both of which can be placed in a groove of the back. The first, well behind the head -faceted Dorsal is supported 9-27 hard jets. The second is widely separated from the first. Between the dorsal and caudal fin, and the anal and caudal fin has five to twelve small Flösseln which help to avoid vortex formation during fast swimming. The tail fins stem is slender and provided on each side with two bony keels, at more advanced evolutionary taxa with an enlarged keel bone. The caudal fin is deeply forked or crescent- shaped. The caudal fin rays cover the Hypuralia completely. The pectoral fins set high on the body, the accreting below the pectoral fins pelvic fins are supported by six fin rays. The snout is pointed and not vorstülpbar ( Protaktil ). The beak -shaped premaxilla is separated from the nasal by the Ethmoidknochen and fixed to the maxilla. The mouth extends to behind the eyes. The teeth are pointed and in different styles to different extents and large. Also palatine and tongue may be dentate. The eyes have fat eyelids, a ring of bone surrounds the posterior orbit. The gill membranes are not grown together at the isthmus. The swim bladder is absent or small. Therefore, some species have a greater density than the water and have to avoid a decrease by continuous swimming. The lateral line is simple. Mackerel and tuna are on the back are bluish or greenish, flanks and belly are whitish or silvery, often with a black line or wave drawing.

Some tunas and bonitos, the genera Auxis, Euthynnus Katsuwonus and Thunnus ( Tribus Thunnini ) have a relative to the surrounding water temperature by a few degrees increased body temperature, blood vessels of the trunk muscles, arranged in counterflow principle, make this possible. Likewise, in these higher evoluierten Scombriden the gills are usually fused into a screen mechanism, so that they no longer are individually movable (dynamic breathing).

Way of life

Mackerel and tuna fish are predators of the open ocean and can reach high speeds while hunting. The mackerel i.w.S. ( Scombrini, Scomber & Rastrelliger ) Filter with their long gill rakers plankton from the water. Spanish mackerel ( Scomberomorus ), bonito and tuna feed on larger prey, including small fish, crustaceans and squid. The smaller mackerel are hunted mainly of larger tunas. Eggs and juveniles are pelagic (but close to the coast ).

Inside systematics

The mackerel and tuna are divided according to the size of the shed into two subfamilies. The subfamily Gasterochismatinae contains only the large scales mackerel and is therefore monotypic. In the subfamily Scombrinae the more closely related genera are grouped into four tribes, of which only the monophyly of Scombrini is also supported by molecular genetic data. In total there are 54 species in 15 genera:

  • Subfamily Gasterochismatinae, medium-sized shed. genus Gasterochisma Latticed mackerel ( Gasterochisma melampus ) Richardson, 1845.
  • Tribus Scombrini genus Rastrelliger Rastrelliger brachysoma ( Bleeker, 1851).
  • Rastrelliger faughni Matsui, 1967.
  • Indian Mackerel ( Rastrelliger kanagurta ) ( Cuvier, 1816).
  • Scomber australasicus Cuvier, 1832.
  • Tuna mackerel ( Scomber colias ) Gmelin, 1789.
  • Japanese mackerel ( Scomber japonicus ) Houttuyn, in 1782.
  • Mackerel ( Scomber scombrus ) Linnaeus, 1758.
  • Genus Acanthocybium Wahoo ( Acanthocybium solandri ) ( Cuvier, 1832).
  • Grammatorcynus bicarinatus ( Quoy & Gaimard, 1825).
  • Two lines mackerel ( Grammatorcynus bilineatus ) ( Rüppell, 1836).
  • Scomberomorus brasiliensis Collette, Russo and Zavala - Camin, 1978.
  • Scomberomorus cavalla ( Cuvier, 1829).
  • Torpedo mackerel ( Scomberomorus commerson ) ( Lacépède, 1800).
  • Scomberomorus concolor ( Lockington, 1879).
  • Scomberomorus guttatus ( Bloch & Schneider, 1801).
  • Scomberomorus koreanus ( Kishinouye, 1915).
  • Scomberomorus lineolatus ( Cuvier, 1829).
  • Scomberomorus maculatus ( Couch, 1832).
  • Scomberomorus multiradiatus Munro, 1964.
  • Scomberomorus munroi Collette & Russo, 1980.
  • Scomberomorus niphonius ( Cuvier, 1832).
  • Scomberomorus plurilineatus Fourmanoir, 1966.
  • Scomberomorus queenslandicus Munro, 1943.
  • King mackerel ( Scomberomorus regalis ) ( Bloch, 1793).
  • Scomberomorus semifasciatus ( Macleay, 1883).
  • Scomberomorus sierra Jordan & Starks, 1895.
  • Scomberomorus sinensis ( Lacépède, 1800).
  • Scomberomorus TRITOR ( Cuvier, 1832).
  • Genus Cybiosarda Cybiosarda elegans
  • Ungestreifter bonito ( Orcynopsis unicolor) ( Geoffroy Saint- Hilaire, 1817).
  • Australian bonito ( Sarda australis ) ( Macleay, 1881).
  • Pacific bonito ( Sarda chiliensis ) ( Cuvier, 1832).
  • Oriental bonito ( Sarda orientalis ) ( Temminck & Schlegel, 1844).
  • Atlantic bonito ( Sarda sarda ) ( Bloch, 1793).
  • Genus Allothunnus Slim Thun ( Allothunnus Fallai ) Serventy, 1948.
  • Auxis rochei ( Rafinesque, 1810)
  • Spurious Bonito ( Auxis thazard ) Lacepede, 1800
  • Euthynnus affinis ( Cantor, 1849).
  • Thonine (Euthynnus alletteratus ) ( Rafinesque, 1810).
  • Black skipjack (Euthynnus lineatus ) Kishinouye, 1920.
  • Albacore ( Thunnus alalunga ) ( Bonnaterre, 1788).
  • Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares ) ( Bonnaterre, 1788).
  • Blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus ) ( Lesson, 1831).
  • Bigeye tuna ( Thunnus obesus ) ( Lowe, 1839).
  • South Atlantic bluefin tuna ( Thunnus maccoyii ) ( Castelnau, 1872).
  • Pacific bluefin tuna ( Thunnus orientalis ) ( Temminck & Schlegel, 1844).
  • Longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol ) ( Bleeker, 1851).
  • Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus ) (Linnaeus, 1758).

Phylogeny

Some recent species of mackerel and tuna, as Auxis, Scomber and Thunnus they can be fossil evidence since the Eocene, Sarda and Scomberomorus even since the Paleocene. Grammatorcynus has been known since the Oligocene. Godsilia, Isurichthys, Palimphyes, Scombrodarda, Turio and Xiphopterus are extinct genera from the Oligocene, Eocene and Miocene

Acanthomorpha Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Nasal bone Adipose eyelid List of anatomical isthmi Atlantic mackerel Serra Spanish mackerel Atlantic Spanish mackerel John Richardson (naturalist) Pieter Bleeker Chub mackerel Monterrey Spanish mackerel Indo-Pacific king mackerel Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider Korean mackerel Streaked Spanish mackerel Papuan seerfish Australian spotted mackerel Japanese Spanish mackerel Kanadi kingfish Queensland school mackerel Broadbarred king mackerel Pacific sierra West African Spanish mackerel Hermann Schlegel Theodore Edward Cantor Monte Bolca Joseph S. Nelson FishBase
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