Chakavian dialect
The Čakavische [ tʃaka ʋiʃɛ ː ] (Croatian čakavština ) is a South Slavic dialect which is spoken in Croatia. As the KAJKAVIAN and in contrast to the Štokavischen Čakavische is located exclusively there and - with the exception of the varieties of Burgenland, where there is an independent Burgenland-Croatian written language mostly čakavischer basis - completely covered by the Croatian standard language.
The name comes from the Čakavisch common in this dialect interrogative Ca ( German was) - in contrast to Kajkavian kaj and štokavischen STO / Sta. The Čakavische together with his distinct inherited phonological and morphosyntactic features, especially in the coastal areas through its influence from Romance languages such as Italian, especially the Venetian, from. In addition, the čakavische dialect has the extinct by the end of the 19th century Romanesque language Dalmatisch replaced in some areas as a spoken language.
Dissemination
The čakavische language area is confined almost exclusively to the Croatian coastal areas. It includes at the very northern mainland Croatia Istria, the coastal area around Rijeka about to Novi Vinodolski as well as an enclave the coastal town of Senj. Only here, east of Rijeka, the čakavische language area extends relatively far inland, eastward almost to Karlovac and Ogulin in from south to Otočac and Brinje. In addition, all belong to the Croatian islands Mljet to čakavischen language area. Further, even in parts of the Dalmatian mainland, namely in and around Zadar, Trogir and Split, as well as spoken čakavisch in the northwestern part of the Peljesac peninsula.
Also, most of the Croatian population in Burgenland, Austria speaks čakavische varieties. This is the Burgenland Croats in the district of Güssing and in the communities Kohfidisch and German Protect -Eisenberg resident in District Oberwart.
Languages in the immediate vicinity of the čakavischen distribution area are (besides the Štokavischen and Kajkavian ) the Italian ( Venetian ), the Istriotische, the Istrorumänische and Slovene.
Dialects
As the Štokavische can be the Čakavische after the reflection of the pre-Slavic vowel jat divided into ekavische, ikavische and ijekavische dialects, in addition there are ekavisch - ikavische dialects in which the Jat - reflex varies depending on the phonetic context between e and i.
Ikavisches Čakavisch: čakavischen throughout Dalmatia, except on the islands of Pag and Lastovo (Split, Trogir, Omis, Korčula, Zadar), in the north- western part of Istria (Umag, Novigrad, Poreč ) and in čakavischen domestic area south of Josipdol ( Otočac );
Ikavisches Čakavisch - Štokavisch: in the southwest of Istria (Pula, Rovinj, Vodnjan ) as well as in the town of Vodice on the border with Slovenia;
Ekavisches Čakavisch: in eastern Istria ( Pazin, Labin ), in the northern coastal area of the Primorje - Gorski Kotar (Rijeka, Opatija ) and on the island of Cres;
Ekavisch - Ikavisches Čakavisch: in the islands of Krk, Rab, Losinj, Pag and the neighboring smaller islands, in the southern coastal area of the Primorje - Gorski Kotar (Crikvenica, Novi Vinodolski ), in Senj and inland between Rijeka and Karlovac ( Gacka, Brinje, Vrbovsko, Ogulin, Duga Resa );
Jekavisches Čakavisch: Lastovo
History
The Romanesque, especially Venetian influence on the Čakavische among other things, the result of centuries of political, economic and cultural influence of Venice on the coast of what is now Croatia.
Already at the time of Croatian kingdoms around 1000 AD Venice ruled over significant portions of Istria, on the Croatian islands and the coast near Zadar, Trogir and Split. Neither Hungary, Austria, the Ottoman Empire or another power could the expansion and consolidation of the Venetian rule in Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia in the break until the end of the 18th century. It was not until 1797 Venice was occupied by Napoleon in 1805 and the Kingdom of Italy, a puppet state of Napoleon incorporated. From 1809 included the čakavischen areas as part of the Illyrian Provinces directly to the French Empire. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 resulted in the connection of all čakavisch -speaking territories to the Empire of Austria. After the First World War and the dissolution of Austria -Hungary failed to integrate all čakavischen areas in the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes ( Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ). Instead, significant parts of the čakavischen language area (Istria, Rijeka, Zadar, Cres, Lošinj and Lastovo ) were connected to the Kingdom of Italy. During the Second World War, the čakavisch - speaking countries by the Italian annexations in Yugoslavia was almost united. Only the islands of Brac, Hvar and Pag and inland areas in the north are part of fascist Croatia ( Independent State of Croatia). Only after the Second World War, the former Italian territories were awarded the now socialist Yugoslavia and joined the Republic of Croatia.
Although at that time a large number emigrated Italian-speaking inhabitants, the Italian continues to play a significant role especially in Istria and the northern islands.
Čakavischer vocabulary
Here are some examples of čakavische words with their translation into the Croatian standard language and possibly their Slavic etymology.
- Pillows: Čak. cousin stood. Kroat. jastuk (though this word is borrowed from Turkish )
Here are some examples of specifically čakavische words with their translation into the Croatian standard language and possibly its origin in Italian or Venetian.
- Tomato: Čak. pomidor / pomidora stood. Kroat. rajčica, Italian pomodoro
- Bra: Čak. ređipet stood. Kroat. grudnjak, Italian reggipetto
- Cucumber: Čak. kukumar stood. Kroat. krastavac
- Screwdriver: Čak. kacavida, stand.kroat. odvijač, Italian cacciavite
- Cabinet: Čak. armerun stood. Kroat. ormar, Italian armadio
- Sheets: Čak. Lancun stood. Kroat. plahta, Italian lenzuolo
- Condescend: Čak. kalat ', stood. Kroat. spustiti, Italian calare
- Fork: Čak. Pirun / perun, Croat. Vilica, venezian. Pirone ( stand ital forchetta )
- Bean: Čak. Fazol, Croat. grah, Italian fagiolo