Lamiaceae

Thyme (Thymus serpyllum ), illustration

The Labiatae or Lamiaceae ( Lamiaceae or Labiatae ) form a family of plants in the order of Lippenblütlerartigen ( Lamiales ). The family is divided into seven subfamilies and includes about 230 genera and more than 7000 species. They are represented in all climates around the world.

• 4.1 Notes and references

Description and ecology

Appearance and leaves

They grow as annual to perennial herbaceous plants or woody plants: subshrubs, shrubs, trees or lianas. Often they contain essential oils and aromatic scented. The shoot axis is often hollow and square.

The mostly opposite, sometimes whorled or rarely alternate arranged leaves are petiolate to sessile. The simple leaf blade is rarely pinnate, often simply. The leaf margin is smooth, notched, toothed or serrated. Stipules absent.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers appear singly or in dense axillary mono- or dichasialen Scheinquirlen. Rare species are dioecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( dioecious ).

The most hermaphroditic flowers are zygomorphic and most fünfzählig. The five sepals are fused Roehrig, with five calyx teeth or two cup lips. One can often see from the characteristic " lip bloom " Members of this plant family. They are distinguished by an " upper lip " (often regressed ) and a " lip " of the flower out; In general, out of the five petals, two to the upper lip and three grown to the lower lip. Similar types of flowers but also occur in other families of the order of Lippenblütlerartigen before ( Lamiales ). It's just a circle with the original five stamens present; one is reduced, so that only four, sometimes only two fertile stamens are present, which are adherent to the base of the corolla tube. Two carpels are fused into a superior ovaries; it is divided by false septa into four chambers. The style ends in two scars. Pollination is by insects ( entomophily ) or by birds ( Ornithophilie ). The mint have some highly specialized, developed at the flower visitors specially adapted pollination mechanisms.

The flowers formula is:

Fruit and seeds

Are formed with four one-seeded fruits typically part four-part Klaus fruit. But there are also taxa with berries or stone fruit ( Viticoideae ). Some species produce winged nut fruits.

Ingredients

The main ingredients are essential oils: for example toxic as camphor, perilla, pinocamphone, pulegone, thujone. Often nonvolatile, diterpenoid bitter substances occur as carnosol ( Pikrosalvin, Marrubin ) and carnosic acid.

Use

Many of the plant species of this family are characterized by essential oils, which is why they are used as a spice or medicinal plants. More than 60 species are planted alone in temperate areas, and many species - such as mint (Mentha ), basil (Ocimum basilicum ), lavender (Lavandula ) or sage (Salvia ) - are cultivated commercially. Two Pogostemon species from Southeast Asia ( Indian patchouli and Javanese patchouli ), provide the patchouli oil, which is a valuable raw material for heavy perfumes. Some species of the Lamiaceae have mainly regional importance. Member herbs ( Sideritis ) are used in the eastern Mediterranean as herbs of tea, Iran seasons one yogurt with Ziziphora and in India and Southeast Asia, the tubers of Coleus rotundifolius serve as a potato substitute. The fruit of the chaste tree ( Vitex agnus castus ) are used as a spice.

Many species are used as ornamental plants, including Ajuga, Monarda, Nepeta, Physostegia, Phlomis, Salvia, Scutellaria, Stachys and Teucrium.

• Crops - examples

Lavender Field (Lavandula angustifolia)

Clary sage (Salvia sclarea )

Coleus ( Solenostemon scutellarioides hybrids syn. Coleus blumei hybrids ), easy to maintain ornamental plant

The Losbaum ( Clerodendrum thomsoniae ) is used as an ornamental plant

System

Synonyms for Lamiaceae Martynov and Labiatae Juss. nom. cons. are: Aegiphilaceae Raf, Chloanthaceae Hutch, Dicrastylidaceae J.Drumm. .. ex Harv. nom. nud. , Menthaceae Burnett, Nepetaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, Salazariaceae FABarkley, Scutellariaceae Doell, Symphoremataceae Wight, Viticaceae Juss. The botanical name of the type genus ( Lamium ) of the Lamiaceae family is derived from the Greek word Lamos for pharynx, throat, and the name Labiatae is derived from the Latin word for labium lip.

The family is divided into seven subfamilies and includes about 230 genera and 5000 to more than 7000 species. Here are the sub-families with their genera and style numbers and their distribution:

• Subfamily Lamioideae Harley: It contains about 63 genera with about 1210 species, see main article Lamioideae.

• Subfamily Nepetoideae Kostel. Contains approximately 105 genera with about 3675 species, see main article Nepetoideae.

• Subfamily Ajugoideae Kostel. ( Syn: Teucrioideae ): it contains only one tribe with about 23 to 26 genera and about 1115 species: Tribe Ajugeae Benth. Acrymia Prain: it contains only one type: Acrymia ajugiflora Prain: It occurs on the Malay Peninsula.

• Amethystea caerulea L.: It is distributed in Asia from Turkey to Japan.

• Garrettia siamensis HRFletcher: It occurs in Thailand and Java.

• Holocheila longipedunculata S.Chow: It grows in mixed and bamboo forests, shady thickets and grasslands at altitudes 1600-2200 meters only in Yunnan.

• Hosea lobbii ( CBClarke ) Ridl. It is native only in Sarawak.

• Oncinocalyx betchei F.Muell. It occurs in Australia.

• Peronema canescens Jack: It is common in Southeast Asia.

• Teucridium parvifolium Hook. f: It occurs only in New Zealand.

• Tripora divaricata ( Maxim. ) PDCantino: It comes from China prior to Japan.

• Subfamily Scutellarioideae ( Dum. ) Caruel: it contains only one tribe with four to five genera and about 380 species ( but most in the genus Scutellaria, three genera are monotypic): Tribus Scutellarieae Benth. Holmskioldia Retz. Contains only one type: Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. , The home is the Himalayan region. It is used in frost- free areas as an ornamental plant and is overgrown in some areas.

• Renschia heterotypica Vatke: The home is the northern Somalia.

• Wenchengia alternifolia CYWu & S.Chow: It is endemic in tropical forests at altitudes of about 400 meters in the Chinese province of Hainan.

• Subfamily Prostantheroideae Luerss. (. Syn: Chloanthoideae Briq ): it is divided into two tribes and contains about 16 genera with about 317 species; all come only in Australia: Tribus Chloantheae Benth. & Hook. f: They only come in Australia: Chloanthes R.Br.: The approximately four species are found only in Australia.
• Cyanostegia Turcz. The five species are found only in Australia.
• Dicrastylis J.Drumm. ex Harv. , the 26 to 34 species are found only in Australia.
• Hemiphora ( F.Muell. ) F.Muell. The five species occur in Western Australia.
• Lachnostachys Hook:. With about six species are found only in Australia.
• Mallophora Endl. , The only two species occur in Western Australia.
• Newcastelia F.Muell. The ten to twelve species occur only in Australia.
• Physopsis Turcz. , The only two species occur in Western Australia.
• Pityrodia R.Br.: The 36 to 45 species are found only in Australia.

• Hemiandra R.Br.: The approximately seven species occur only in Australia.
• Hemigenia R.Br.: The approximately 50 species occur only in Australia.
• Microcorys R.Br.: 16 to 21 species are found only in Australia.
• Prostanthera Labill. ( Syn: Chilodia R.Br., Cryphia R.Br., Eichlerago Carrick, Klanderia F.Muell. ): The about 100 species are found only in Australia.
• Westringia Sm: The 25 to 31 species are found only in Australia.
• Wrixonia F.Muell. (sometimes in Prostanthera ): it contains only one, sometimes two ways: Wrixonia prostantheroides F.Muell. It occurs only in the west - central Western Australia.

• Subfamily Symphorematoideae Briq. Contains only one tribe with only three genera and about 30 species in Asia: Tribus Symphoremateae Meisn. : Congea Roxb. , The ten to twelve species are distributed mainly in Southeast Asia, two of which occur in China.
• Sphenodesme Jack: The 15-16 species are distributed mainly in tropical and subtropical Asia.
• . Symphorema Roxb: The only three species are common in India, Myanmar, Thailand and the Philippines; a species occurs in China.

• Subfamily Viticoideae Briq. Contains only one tribe with 10 to 14 genera and 376-526 species: Tribus Viticeae Bartl. : Adelosa flower: it contains only one type: Adelosa microphylla flower: It is native to Madagascar.

• Archboldia ericoides E.Beer & HJLam: It is native to New Guinea.

• Paravitex siamica HRFletcher: The home is Thailand.

• Tsoongia axillariflora Merr. It is common in China, Myanmar and Vietnam.

• For now, three to ten genera are not assigned to any subfamily: incertae sedis: Callicarpa L.: The about 140 species are distributed mainly in tropical and subtropical Asia; some species there are in the neotropics and tropical Africa and very few species in temperate regions of Asia and North America. In China, 48 species occur.
• Ombrocharis Hand. - Mazz. Contains only one type: Ombrocharis dulcis Hand. - Mazz. Thrives in subtropical evergreen forests at an altitude of about 1300 meters only in Hunan.

• Teak ( Tectona grandis L. f )

Swell

• The Lamiaceae family S. L. in APWebsite. (Sections Description and systematics)
• Xi -wen Li & Ian C. Hedge: Lamiaceae, pp. 50 and Shou- liang Chen & Michael G. Gilbert: Verbenaceae, pp. 1 - text the same online as printed work In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven (eds. ): . Flora of China, Volume 17 - Verbenaceae through Solanaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24- X (sections description and Systemtik )
• Raymond M. Harley, S. Atkins, A. Budantsev, PD Cantino, B. Conn, R. Grayer, MM Harley, R. de Kok, T. Krestovskaja, A. Morales, AJ Paton, O. Ryding, T. Upson: Labiatae. In: K. Kubitzki (Editor) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Volume 7, Springer Verlag, Berlin 2004, pp. 167-275.