Phallaceae

Common Stinkhorn ( Phallus impudicus )

The Stinkmorchelverwandten ( Phallaceae ) are a family of fungi within the order of Stinkmorchelartigen ( Phallales ).

Features

The Stinkmorchelverwandten are gasteroid; So have spores that develop inside the fruit body. The fruiting bodies go from gelatinous, spherical or ovoid structures, so-called " witches eggs " out that are completely or partially buried in the ground. The peridium, the outer shell of Hexeneis is colored white - purple or reddish and consists of 2-3 layers. The outer layer is thin, membranous and elastic, while the inner layer is thick, gelatinous and of firm consistency. At maturity the peridium opens at the apex and remains as a volva back at the base of Receptakulums.

The fertile part of the Receptakulums is often located at the end of a fleshy or spongy stem, can be constructed in which cylindrical, star -like or lattice -shaped. The Receptakulum is often brightly colored and sometimes consists of a lattice or net-shaped membrane which surrounds and protects the spores. The spore mass ( gleba ) is olive green, gelatinous, malodorous in most species and melts with the times. The gleba develops either on the surface of a hat or the upper part of Receptakulums.

The basidia are narrow - clavate or fusiform, short-lived and consist of 4-8 sterigmata. The spores are usually formed elliptical or cylindrical, hyaline or pale brown, smooth, more or less smooth-walled and have a blunt base.

Genera

There are described in the following genera:

• Aporophallus Moller (1895 ): This monotypic genus includes a way Aporophallus subtilis, which was found in Brazil. The fruiting bodies resemble those of the genus Phallus, but are distinguished by the lack of opening at the apex of the pileus, and its gelatinous texture.

• Aseroe Labill. (1800): Ripe fruit bodies are made of a rough, cylindrical, white or pink colored stalk, which is about 6 × 2 cm tall and wears a volva at the base. There is a bright red disc, which is surrounded by a variable number of arms, typically 3-7 cm long at the top. The gleba, which is located on the disk and the inner surfaces of the arms, slimy, smelly and green colored. The spores are hyaline and 4-6 × 1.5-2 microns in size. Aseroe rubra, an Australian and Pacific species, has spread in Europe and North America.

• Blumenavia Möller ( 1895): The Receptakulum consists of 3-6 white or orange columns merged above, but are free to the base. The gleba is on spores mucous structures, " Glebiferen " which coat the inner surfaces of the columns. The genus includes three species that are prevalent in South America and Africa.

• Clathrus P.Micheli ex L.: The fruiting bodies are barred and consist of hollow, tubular arms which emerge from basal tissue within the volva. The spores are elliptical, smooth, hyaline and 4-6 × 1.5-2.5 microns in size. The best-known species include Clathrus ruber, the red grid Ling, Clathrus archeri, the squid and mushroom Clathrus columnatus, the column grid Ling.

• Colus Cavalier & Séchier (1835 ): A genus with four species. The Receptakulum consists of a short stalk, from which six columns, which in turn coalesce up to a red mesh ball. The gleba is smeared on the inside of Receptakulums.

• Echinophallus Henn. (1898 ): This monotypic genus from New Guinea comprises a kind, Echinophallus lauterbachii, which is reminiscent of indusiumtragende species of the genus Phallus. Of these, it differs in the smooth, wrinkled pileus, is suspended from the underside of which a shorter indusium. The Exoperidie of Hexeneis or volva is covered by thorn or wart- like elevations.

• Endophallus Zang & Petersen (1989 ): This genus includes a species endophallus yunnanensis, which was found in China and externally reminiscent of species of the genus Phallus. Of these, it differs in the peridium, which is not connected to the base of the stem and therefore will not last as volva at maturity.

• Ileodictyon Tul. ex M.Raoul (1844 ): The fruiting bodies are barred and consist of gelatinous branches emanating from the volva. The spores are elliptical and are 4-6 × 1.5-2.5 microns in size. The native to New Zealand "basket mushroom", Ileodictyon cibarium, reminiscent of a round or oval ball, which is composed of interwoven or latticed branches.

• Itajahya Möller ( 1895): characters of this genus include white calyptra ( tissue that covers the tip of the fruiting body and the Gleba is attached ) with lamellar plates, which are covered by the Gleba. The Gleba has a white mottled surface and the pileus appears wig like after removing the Gleba. The thick, sturdy stem consists of several chambered walls.

• Laternea Turpin (1822 ): The Receptakulum consists of 2-4 pink or orange arms that merged at the top, but are free to the base. At the top, where the arms are fused to form a curvature of the underside of a reddish- orange spores mucus structure, a " Glebiferum " hangs. The genus includes two species that are native to tropical America.

• Ligiella J. A. Sáenz (1980 ): The fruiting bodies are 4.5-6.5 cm long and 2.2-5 cm wide and have four to five thick, white and chambered arms, joined at the top, but are free to the base. To this genus include monotypic type Ligiella rodrigueziana, which is known only from Costa Rica.

• Lysurus Fr (1823 ): The fruiting bodies consist of a long stem that ends in 3 to 4 short arms. These arms, which are initially connected to each other, but usually separate at maturity from each other, are covered by the brownish- olive gleba. The spores are ellipsoidal and are 4-5 × 1.5-2 microns in size.

• Mutinus ( Huds. ) Fr (1849 ): Ripe fruit bodies have a spongy, cylindrical - hollow stem that ends "head" in a slimmer expectant, covered by the dark olive gleba. In older specimens the gleba may be washed or worn, so that the red or orange coloring of the head is revealed. Among the best known species belongs Mutinus caninus, the congregation Hundsrute.

• Neolysurus Orson K. Miller, Ovrebo & Burk (1991 ): At this monotypic genus belongs to the type Neolysurus archipulvinus described from Costa Rica. As with species of the genus Lysurus is the stem of a tube structure. Neolysurus is the only genus of rod fungi, their long stem ends in columns or arms that branch, and together combine to carry the pillow-shaped, olive gleba. The Glebakissen is divided by narrow, whitish to pink colored meshes in polygonal sections. The hymenium is located between the meshes.

• Phallus Junius ex L. (1753 ): In this genus the receptaculum consists of a large, unbranched stem that ends in a cap-like, covered by the Gleba structure. The most prevalent types include phallus impudicus, the Common Stinkhorn, Phallus Hadriani, the Dune Stinkhorn, Phallus and Phallus ravenelii indusiatus, the Tropical veil lady.

• Pseudoclathrus B. Liu & Y.S. Construction (1980 ): A genus from China, which includes five species. The Receptakulum consists of a plurality of arms of the same diameter that are fused together at their tips. The spores are cylindrical in shape and are 4.5 x 2.2 microns in size.

• Pseudocolus Lloyd ( 1907): there is Receptakulum from 3-4 thin arms that touch at the tip and are fused at the base to a short stalk in this tropical genus. The best-known species include Pseudocolus fusiform and Pseudocolus garciae.

• Staheliomyces E. Fischer ( 1921): The fruiting bodies of this monotypic genus from tropical America consist of a hollow, white and cylindrical structure that is 12-16 cm high and has conspicuous holes and caves. The tip is tapered or jammed appearance. Between the tip and the center of the fruit body a belt- like band is positioned, carrying the olive gleba.