Sambucus

Black Elderberry (Sambucus nigra), inflorescences.

The elderberry (Sambucus ) are a genus of flowering plants in the family of musk weed plants ( Adoxaceae ). The genus contains about ten species, three of which are native to Central Europe in the world. The best known of these three species is the black elder, who in today's parlance, usually shortened as " elder ", is often referred to in North Germany as " elderberry bush " and in Old Bavaria and Austria as " Holler " or in Switzerland as a " Holder ". In addition, there is also the shrub -like Red elderberry and perennials like dwarf or dwarf elder elder. The species grow in temperate to subtropical climates and at higher altitudes of tropical mountains.

Description

Elderberry species are mostly woody plants and grow as subshrubs, shrubs or small trees. They usually reach heights of growth 1-15 meters and are often summer green. The opposite leaves are pinnate permanent and consist of three to nine elliptical, usually serrate leaflets. Sometimes you can identify approaches to secondary Fiederung to the basal Fiederpaaren. The stipules are large to inconspicuous or absent, sometimes they are reduced to glands or a Haarsaum.

In terminal, paniculate inflorescences schirmtraubigen or many flowers are borne. The hermaphrodite, radial symmetry flowers are three to fünfzählig double perianth. The three to five tiny sepals are fused into a short tube. The three to five white petals are usually grown short. There is only one circuit available with five stamens which are inserted into the base of the crown. The anthers are oblong. Three to five carpels are fused to a three-to fünfkammerigen ovary. The carpel only one ovule is present. The very short style ends in three to five capitate scars.

The flowers formula is.

The berry- like drupes can be black, blue or red, and contain three to five seeds at maturity. The seeds have a membranous testa.

Cortex and medulla contain calcium oxalate crystals.

System

The genus name Sambucus was first published in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, Volume 1, page 269-270. As a lectotype has been set (Sambucus nigra L.).

The position of the genus Sambucus in the plant system has been controversial for a long time. The botanists of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group have incorporated the genre today in the family of musk weed plants ( Adoxaceae ). Previously, she was a long time to the family of Honeysuckle ( Caprifoliaceae ), from which they, however, significantly differed on many points. Trying a new group led by 1900 even to the fact that their own family Sambucaceae Batsch ex Borkh. (published in 1797 in Botanical Dictionary, Volume 2, page 322) was reactivated, so that the genus Sambucus long time alone formed the mono- generic family Sambucaceae. The genus Sambucus was also classified in the Caprifoliaceae family.

There are a little over ten Sambucus species ( selection):

• Sambucus adnata Wall. ex DC. ( Syn: Sambucus schweriniana Rehder ): The home is the northern Indian subcontinent and China.
• Sambucus australasica ( Lindl. ) Fritsch ( Syn: Tripetelus australasicus Lindl. ): The home is the eastern Australia.
• Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. The home is South America from Brazil to Argentina.
• Blue elderberry (Sambucus cerulea Raf, Syn: .. Sambucus caerulea Raf orth var, Sambucus glauca Nutt, Sambucus mexicana auct non C.Presl ex DC, Sambucus neomexicana Wooton, Sambucus nigra L. subsp cerulea ( Raf.. .. . ) Bolli ): The home ranges from western Canada to Mexico.
• Attich or dwarf elder ( Sambucus ebulus L.): The distribution ranges from the Macaronesian island of Madeira on the north-western Africa and Europe northwards up to the Geographical width of central Germany and continue over western Asia and the Caucasus to Central Asia.
• Sambucus gaudichaudiana DC. The home is located in the south-eastern Australia and Tasmania.
• Sambucus javanica Raw. ex Blume ( Syn: ebulus chinensis ( Lindl. ) Nakai, ebulus formosana ( Nakai ) Nakai, Sambucus argyi H.Lév, Sambucus chinensis Lindl, Sambucus formosana Nakai, Sambucus Sambucus hookeri Rehder and henriana Samutina. . ): The distribution ranges temperate and subtropical Asia from Japan, Taiwan and China back India and the north-eastern part of the Indian subcontinent to Malaysia's.
• Sambucus latipinna Nakai: The home is located in the Primorsky Krai of the Russian Far East and on the Korean peninsula.
• Black Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.): The original distribution is extending without considering the subspecies Canadian elder from northwestern Africa and the entire Europe over western Asia and the Caucasus to northern India. Depending on the author, one to several subspecies are performed: Canadian elderberry (Sambucus canadensis canadensis subsp. ) ( L.) Bolli, Syn: Sambucus canadensis L., Sambucus mexicana C.Presl ex DC, Sambucus oreopola Donn.Sm., Sambucus simpsonii Rehder ). The home is situated in the east to in the central and southern North America.

• Red Elderberry (Sambucus racemosa L. subsp racemosa, syn. Sambucus tigranii Troitsky ): The home ranges of many parts of Europe to Armenia.
• Smelly elderberry (Sambucus racemosa subsp pubens ( Michx. ) House, Syn: .. Sambucus pubens Michx, Sambucus pubescens pers.): The distribution area is located in North America.
• Japanese elderberry (Sambucus racemosa subsp sieboldiana ( Miq. ) H.Hara, Syn. Sambucus sieboldiana ( Miq. ) Blume ex Graebn. ): The home is Japan and South Korea.

More images

Blue elderberry (Sambucus cerulea ):

Fruits

Fruits

Sub-species of Sambucus racemosa:

Fruits of Smelly elderberry (Sambucus racemosa subsp. Pubens )

Swell

• E. Nasir: The mono- generic family Sambucaceae (synonym ) and genus Sambucus in the Flora of Pakistan. In: eFloras.org. Accessed on 3 December 2010 (English ). ( Description section )