Slovak language

Spoken in

Indo-European languages Slavic Languages West Slavic Languages Slovak

Slk

The Slovak language (Slovak slovenský jazyk ) belongs together with Czech, Polish, Kashubian and Sorbian to the West Slavic languages and thus to the Indo-European language family. Slovak of around five million Slovaks in Slovakia and about two million immigrants, of which approximately one million in North America ( USA, Canada) is spoken. Since 1 May 2004, the accession of Slovakia to the European Union Slovak is one of the official EU languages.

Due to their common history within Czechoslovakia from 1918 to 1992 Slovaks and Czechs understand each other relatively easily, but the younger Czechs generation that has been socialized language after the separation of Slovakia and the Czech Republic does, already significantly heavier. Nevertheless, today official documents in the respective language are mutually recognized automatically between the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and the right to use the other language in the Official traffic, law explicitly granted ( minority language law 184/1999 Zb. Slovakia and Management Planning Act 500/2004 Sb in the Czech Republic ). Television programs in the other language are often broadcast untranslated in Slovakia and the Czech Republic almost always.

A more detailed treatment of the differences between the two languages can be found in Article differences between the Czech and the Slovak language. In addition, Slovak is sometimes called "Esperanto of the Slavic languages " and is perceived by speakers of other Slavic languages as the most intelligible Slavic language.

9.1 Deutsch-slowakisch/slowakisch-deutsch ( only the largest dictionaries)
9.2 Tschechisch-slowakisch/slowakisch-tschechisch

History

The Slovak originated in the 10th century after the fall of the Great Moravian Empire from the language of Slovene (pronounced approximately [ slowäne ] (open e) or [ slovenian ] (mean e)), that is, the population of this kingdom (see Slavs ), in the form of several dialects. From 10 ( which includes Slovakia had become in the 11th century ) was to the 19th century in the Kingdom of Hungary used as the official and literary language predominantly Latin. It was also partly German and Hungarian used. In addition, especially the bourgeoisie Slovakia began in the 13th and 14th centuries, to use their own language as (parallel ) official languages, but you soon (at the end of the 14th century ) passed to this function and later as literary language to use the Czech. The reasons for this were at first mainly that it was an already "finished" written language of a related country with a famous university in Prague, in the 15th century, the influence of Czech Hussites in Slovakia and later also the influence of Czech Protestant exiles in Slovakia. Conversely, were among the four most important innovators of the Czech language in the 18th and 19th centuries, two Slovaks Jan Kollár and Pavel Jozef Šafárik. The Czech texts were but very often (consciously or unconsciously) provided with Slovak elements (so-called slowakisiertes Czech, see also Žilina). In colloquial use, of course, the respective Slovak dialects were still being used.

Although there have been attempts in the 16th century to establish a common Slovak literary language, the first true unified written language was first established in 1787 by Anton Bernolák based on the western Slovak dialect from the area of Trnava. Today's Slovak literary language was established in the 1840s by Ľudovít Štúr based on a central Slovak dialect (see National Revival of Slovaks ). The late codification of the language allowed easier to keep essential areas of the Slovak form system than the Czech.

Grammar

Slovak is a highly inflected language with six grammatical cases.

Pronunciation

Basic rules:

In Slovak, the first syllable is stressed in principle.
The one with the " Dĺžeň " ( = extension characters) marked characters (á, é, í, ó, ú, ý ĺ, ŕ ) are very long. The two rare consonants ĺ and ŕ are clearly pronounce long. Long and stressed syllables do not necessarily coincide, that is, there are also unstressed lengths.
Marked with the " Mäkčeň " ( = soft sign ) letters ( ď, ň, ľ, ť ) are soft spoken, that is usually with a hint of a j behind the articulated consonants. In phonetics, this is known as palatalization and refers to the pronunciation of a consonant with the hard palate raised tongue middle. Furthermore, with this diacritics sibilance referred to ( č, dž, š, ž ). Confusingly, the Mäkčeň in capital letters and in small č, dž, ň, š, ž always when, after small ď, ľ, usually as to the letter belonging allographic variant of the apostrophe ť ' written.

Most letters are pronounced as in English. In other spoken (partly due to the above mentioned basic rules ):

To note yet:

E and o are in contrast to the Germans are about half open
V is pronounced at the end of the syllable as a bilabiales u [u ], for example dievča [ ďieu̯ča ]
H is always pronounced (not like yawn ) and approaches in Silbenauslaut to the ch
Ck = c k (not like hoe, but how erzkatholisch )
Sch = s ch (not like school, but how little )
Sp = s p (not as special, but like rasp )
St = s t (not like an hour, but like sausage)

The rhythmic reduction

Known as " rhythmic reduction" rule is characteristic of the Slovak. According to this rule must not follow each other well in Slovak two syllables. When two long syllables should follow one another, is usually the second cut, for example:

Krátky - would normally be the "y" is also written with Dĺžeň (adjective ending- ký ), ie * krátký, but this is avoided by the rhythmic reduction, because KRA 's been a long syllable
Biely - here's offer quite a long syllable (ie is a diphthong ), thus comes in "y" before no Dĺžeň

However, there are a number of exceptions, such as the possessive adjectives in -í (eg vtáčí / vtačí " for bird belonging " ), nouns with the suffixes -ie (eg prútie " fagots " ) and a. m., also the ending of the third person plural is never shortened to -ia. However, the amount of exceptions takes in everyday use and in accordance with any new codification of the language constantly. It was said, for example, 15 years ago still píšúci (write), mliekareň ( dairy ), kamzíčí ( belonging to the chamois ), since about 1997, however, already píšuci, mliekareň, kamzičí etc.

Dialects

The Slovak spoken disintegrates into numerous dialects. However, these can be divided into three main groups:

Eastern Slovak dialects in the regions of Spis, Saris, Zemplín and abov,
Central Slovak dialects in the regions Liptov, Orava, Turiec, Tekov, Hont, Novohrad, Gemer and the historic county of Zvolen and
Western Slovak dialects in the region Kysuca and the counties of Bratislava, Esztergom, Komárno, Nitra and Trenčín.

Sometimes a fourth group is specified, the so-called sub- country dialects ( Slovak dolnozemské nárečia ), which in today's South-East Hungary ( around Békéscsaba ), Vojvodina (Serbia ), western Romania and Croatian Syrmia spoken, outside the boundaries of present-day Slovakia. In addition to local influences, the dialect similarities with the Novohrad dialect.

For a more detailed description of the regions see List of traditional regions of Slovakia.

The Slovak Scripture and its diacritics

Follows to write them on the web:

Language example

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1:

" Všetci Ludia sa rodia Slobodni a sebe Rovni, čo sa tıka I dostôjnosti a Prav. Sú obdarení rozumom a Maju navzájom jednať v bratskom Duchu. "

( All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. )

Normalization texts

The Slovak language is regulated by Jazykovedný ústav Ludovita Štúra SAV ( Linguistics Ľudovít - Stur Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences), standardized and codified. The current editions of the following four works are required by law for any official use of the language absolutely mandatory:

Ján Doruľa others ( later editions of Kacała J. J., M. Pisarcikova among others edited ): Krátky Dictionary Slovenského jazyka. [Short Dictionary of the Slovak Language] (abbr. KSSJ, which is an equivalent of the German Duden - German dictionary of the book ):

Various authors: pravidla Slovenského pravopisu. [Rules of the Slovak spelling ] (abbreviated PSP, which is an equivalent of the German Duden spelling dictionary ):

Ábel Kráľ: pravidla slovenskej výslovnosti. (Rules of the Slovak pronunciation ) (abbr. PSV, which is an equivalent of the German Duden Pronunciation dictionary ):

J. Ružička include: Morfológia Slovenského jazyka. ( Morphology of the Slovak language ) (abbr. MSJ ), Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1966, online version juls.savba.sk

Large Dictionaries

Anton Bernolák: Slowár Slowenskí, Česko - Latinsko - Engelsk- Uherskí, seu Lexicon Slavicum Latino Germanico - Ungaricum auctore Antonio Bernolák. ( Slovak Czech- Latin- German-Hungarian dictionary, seu ... ) I-VI, oven (now Budapest), 1825-1827. Vol 1
A. Jánošík, E. Jóna: Slovník spisovného jazyka Slovenského. ( Dictionary of the Slovak language ), Matica Slovenská, Martin, Vol I ( A- J ) was published from 1946 to 1949 (this should be the first monolingual unabridged dictionary of the Slovak, after the restoration of Czechoslovakia after the Second World War, his appearance has been suspended )
Š. Peciar: Slovník Slovenského jazyka. ( Dictionary of the Slovak language ). Volume I -VI. Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava 1959-1968 (abbr. SSJ, which is an equivalent of the German Grand dictionary of the German language ), slovnik.juls.savba.sk slovnik.juls.savba.sk (PDF, 753 kB)
K. Buzássyová, A. Jarošová include: Slovník súčasného Slovenského jazyka. ( Dictionary of contemporary Slovak language ). Veda, Bratislava, Vol I ( AG) was released in 2006 /2007 ( Abbr SSSJ; another 7 Bd are expected to follow at 2- year intervals, which is virtually a complete revision of the above-mentioned dictionary )
Historický Dictionary Slovenského jazyka. (Abbr. HSSJ ) ( Historical Dictionary of the Slovak language ), Veda, Bratislava, Vol I-VII, 1991-2008 ( this dictionary is a dictionary of Slovak language from the time before the end of the 18th century ), online version of Volume V ( R Š) slovnik.juls.savba.sk
Slovník Slovenských nárečí. ( Dictionary of Slovak dialects ), Veda, Bratislava Vol 0 ( Introduction; 1980), Vol I ( A- K; 1994), Vol II (L -P, 2006)

Bilingual dictionaries

Deutsch-slowakisch/slowakisch-deutsch ( only the largest dictionaries)

M. Čierna, L. Čierny: Slovensko - Německy Dictionary. ( Slovak - German dictionary ) Ikar, Bratislava 2012, ISBN 978-80-551-2312-7.
M. Čierna, L. Čierny: Engelsk-norsk Dictionary. ( German -Slovak dictionary ) Ikar, Bratislava 2012, ISBN 978-80-551-2311-0.
Engelsk-norsk a slovensko - Německy veľký Dictionary. ( German -Slovak and Slovak- German Großwörterbuch ) Lingea, 2011, ISBN 978-80-89323-69-2.
T. BALCOVA: Velky Engelsk-norsk slovensko - Německy Dictionary. ( Large German -Slovak, Slovak- German dictionary ) Kniha - Spoločník, 2009, ISBN 978-80-88814-66-5.
Slovensko - Německy Dictionary. ( Slovak - German dictionary ) Slovenské Pedagogické nakladadeľstvo, Bratislava 1997, ISBN 80-08-00276- X.
M. Čierna, M. Juríková, E. Geze, E. Menke: Engelsk-norsk Dictionary. ( German -Slovak dictionary ) Slovenské Pedagogické nakladadeľstvo, Bratislava 1991, ISBN 80-08-01408-3.
J. Siarsky: Slovensko - Německy Dictionary. ( Slovak - German dictionary ) Amos, Bratislava, 1991, ISBN 80-85290-01-4. ( unaltered reprint of the first edition in 1973, deprecated)

Tschechisch-slowakisch/slowakisch-tschechisch

Magdalena Feifičová, Vladimír Němec: Slovensko - český a Cesko anglicum na cesty. ( Slovak -Czech and Czech- Slovak travel dictionary ) 3rd edition. Kava unlucky Dobrichovice, CZ, 2009, ISBN 978-80-87169-14-8.
J. Necas, M. Kopecký: Slovensko - český a Cesko anglicum rozdílných výrazů. ( Slovak -Czech and Czech- Slovak dictionary of the different expressions) 2nd edition. Státní Pedagogické nakladatelství Praha, 1989.
Ž. Gašparíková, A. Kamiš: Slovensko - român. 3rd edition. Státní Pedagogické nakladatelství Praha, 1987.
G. Horák et al: Česko - anglicum. 2nd edition. Veda Vydavateľstvo Slovenskej Akadémie vied, 1981.

Text collections

When Free Translation Project are numerous translations ( English- Slovak ) from the area of free software before: iro.umontreal.ca

E -Learning

With EU support, the e -learning project Slovake.eu that allows a free language learning via the internet was born.

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