Tulip
Tulip hybrids
The tulips (Tulipa ) constitute a genus in the family Liliaceae ( Liliaceae ). The about 150 species are widespread in North Africa and Europe to Central and Central Asia. Many hybrids are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens and as cut flowers.
- 7.1 Types
Naming
Your name goes on Turkish tülbend in Persian دلبند / dulband back and originally denoted a turban. The origin of the first syllable can be traced to the Sanskrit word तूल / Tula, which is translated as " cotton ", attributed. Probably the transfer of meaning of the term was because of the color and shape similarity of tulips to the then customary turban cloths distinguished Ottomans. In Persian and Turkish even the genus as Lale ( لاله / Lale ) is called, also ( cf. hind लाल / Lāl. - "Red") a borrowing from Sanskrit.
Description
Appearance and leaves
Tulip species grow as a perennial, herbaceous plants and achieve depending on the type a plant height of 10 to 70 centimeters. This form Geophyten onions as outlasting. Often the onions forming stolons. The outer skin of the onion is usually hairy inside. From usually unbranched stems, the lower part is in the ground.
Most leaves are basal. The usually two to six, rarely up to twelve alternate arranged leaves are sessile. The simple leaf blades are broad - linear to almost ovoid. The leaf margin is smooth to wavy (eg Tulipa undulatifolia ).
Inflorescences and flowers
The flowers are usually solitary and terminal or in few-flowered inflorescences. Bracts usually absent. The upright flowers are hermaphrodite, ternate and bell - to cup-shaped. There are two circles of free bracts present, the bloom of the two circles are formed more or less different. There are two circles, each with three free, fertile stamens present; they are either the same or that of the inner circuit are longer. The stamens are sometimes hairy. Three carpels are fused into a superior ovaries, with many ovules. The columnar or very short to absent style ends in a three-lobed stigma.
Fruit and seeds
It is formed a cylindrical to spindle-shaped, three-winged, leathery, insulated draft tube capsule fruit. The seeds are mostly flat.
Special features of some varieties
The occasionally sighted striped or spotted flowers are often due to a mosaic virus. However, there are also quite a few varieties (eg ' Insulinde ', ' Zomerschoon '), whose striped flowers are not due to a viral infection.
Origin and present-day distribution area
The distribution of tulips ranging from North Africa to Europe to Central and Central Asia; a center of biodiversity lies in the southeastern Mediterranean, Turkey, Afghanistan, Turkestan (Caucasus).
From the wild tulips garden tulips were grown. Within 400 years, thousands of varieties of wild tulips have emerged. Appreciate tulips in spring moisture, hot in summer, dry layers on nutrient-rich soils with a pH of 6.5 to 7.0 ( so the onions do best mature ) require cool nights and cold winter to thrive.
The Netherlands is the world's largest producer of tulips. In Germany tulips are in the Lower Rhine region, particularly in the district of Neuss, produces.
History
The ancient writers of Greece and Rome did not mention the tulips, although some species occur in the Mediterranean area. Also in Byzantine sources they are missing, there seems to be such little overall relationship between Byzantine and Ottoman gardens. In the Middle East the tulips were cultivated for centuries, being probably from several wild species originated the garden tulip ( Tulipa gesneriana ). Possible ancestors are lanata Tulipa, Tulipa clusiana, aitchisonii Tulipa, Tulipa stellata and Tulipa armena. Written records there since the 9th century in the ancient Persian literature. From the Persians, the Turks took over the tulip cultivation. Since the 13th century the plant is mentioned by poets. Tulips were also represented in miniatures to pottery and as a dress pattern. Since at least the 16th century, it served as a garden plant. The preferred form was lily- shaped with pointed petals. In the "Tulip Time" ( Lale devri ) imported Sultan Ahmed III. However, roundish garden tulips from Holland. 1725 published an illustrated catalog of tulips. Ahmet III. possessed famous tulip fields on the summer pastures ( Yayla ) in Spil Dagi above Manisa, it is unclear whether it was a question of wild tulips or cultivars.
From Turkey, the tulip garden came around the mid-16th century to Central and Western Europe. In Italy, Tulipa is busy for 1549. The first description comes from the imperial ambassador at the court of Suleiman I, Ghislain de Busbecq, the tulips described in a letter in 1554. The name specified by him, Tulipan ( Turkish tülband = turban band ) is likely, on a linguistic misunderstanding based ( naming the form, not the plant) or on a Turkish folk names of plants. Font Linguistically were called the tulip in Turkish as Lalé in Persian. Probably Busbecq has sent among the occupied Seeds and bulbs and those of tulips to Vienna, is is a picture of tulip under the name of Narcissus by Pietro Andrea Mattioli 1565th Konrad Gesner made 1561 a tulip from which he in 1559 in the garden of councilors Heinrich Herwart had seen in Augsburg. It must have been Tulipa armena or a cultural form of this kind Gesner's description was the basis for the description of Tulipa gesneriana by Carl von Linné 1753. First detailed work on the tulips come from Carolus Clusius, through whose lively exchange activity, the tulips in large parts of Europe reached. Towards the end of the 16th century, Holland became a center of the onion plant, particularly the tulip breeding. There was a variety of grades, including those with double flowers with colored or mottled flowers, which was caused by a viral illness. The tulips have become an object of speculation, it was the so-called tulip mania until the commercial value of tulips returned to normal after a stock market crash in 1637.
In the decades after the tulip mania of the tulip from a flower of the nobility and moneyed bourgeoisie developed a widespread ornamental plant.
End of the 19th century, the targeted breeding of new varieties developed in the Netherlands, so in 1885 the high-growing, late blooming tulips Darwin came on the market. Today the major portion of all variety groups alternate triumph tulips originated by crossing earlier, kurzstieliger tulips with Darwin and Breeder Tulips. Lily-flowered tulips, for example caused by introgression of Tulipa retroflexa.
Use
Tulips are important ornamental plants, both as garden plants such as cut flowers. About 80 % of world production comes tulips from the Netherlands. Here more than 1200 varieties are cultivated, but take the 40 most over half the arable land a. Of the more than 9500 hectares of land in the Netherlands accounts for over 90% of Tulipa gesneriana, the rest mainly on kaufmanniana Tulipa, Tulipa greigii, and Tulipa fosteriana.
Propagation
Tulips can be propagated by seed or vegetatively through generative daughter bulbs. In the summer grow to the great Mother onions zoom daughter bulbs that are in early autumn " cleared " ( dug up and separated ). They are re- planted before the first ground frost and make next year bigger onions. Tulip bulbs need to flower formation, the cooling phase of the winter or artificial cooling ( vernalization). The extraction of flowerable onions from seed is much lengthier than from daughter bulbs. Moreover, the conclusions drawn from seed plants have different properties (eg flower color ) than the parent variety.
System
Species
The data on the number of species of the genus Tulipa varies depending on the source between about 100 and about 150 Van Raamsdonk recognizes in his work on the system much less styles.
The genus Tulips ( Tulipa) is broken down by van Raamsdonk into two subgenera with several sections.
- Subgenus Tulipa with five sections. section Clusianae Ladies tulip ( Tulipa clusiana DC, including Tulipa aitchisonii AD Hall.), Origin: Iran, North West Pakistan, North India, naturalized in southern Europe and Turkey
- Leinblättrige tulip ( Tulipa linifolia rule), Origin: Central Asia, Northern Iran
- Mountain tulip ( Tulipa montana Lindl. ), Origin: Central Asia, Northern Iran
- Tulipa altaica Pall. ex Spreng.
- Tulipa lehmanniana Merckl.
- Four-leaf tulip ( Tulipa tetraphylla rule), Origin: Central Asia
- Series Tulipanum Sun eyes Tulip (Tulipa agenensis DC. ), Origin: North West Iran, naturalized in southern France and Italy
- Tulipa aleppensis Boiss. ex rule
- Julia Tulip (Tulipa julia K. Koch )
- Tulipa kuschkensis B. Fedtsch.
- Tulipa Systola Stapf
- Early Tulip (Tulipa praecox Ten. ), Home unknown, naturalized in southern Europe and western Turkey
- Series Lanatae Wool tulip ( Tulipa lanata rule), Origin: Central Asia, Afghanistan, northeast Iran
- Fiery Tulip (Tulipa ingens Hoog ), Origin: Zantralasien
- Tulipa eichleri rule
- Tubergen tulip ( Tulipa tubergeniana Hoog ), Origin: Central Asia
- Foster tulip ( Tulipa fosteriana Irving ), Origin: Central Asia
- Greig tulip ( Tulipa greigii rule), Origin: Central Asia
- Tulipa albertii rule, Origin: Central Asia
- Tulipa sosnovskyi Achv. & Mirzoeva, Origin: Armenia
- Noble tulip ( Tulipa praestans Hoog ), Origin: Central Asia
- Water lily tulip or merchant tulip ( Tulipa kaufmanniana rule), Origin: Central Asia
- Tulipa tschimganica Botschantz, home. Central Asia
- Tulipa dubia Vved.
- . Tulipa subpraestans Vved, Origin: Central Asia
- Armenian tulip ( Tulipa armena Boiss. ) Is planted in Turkey
- Tulipa didieri Jord.
- Tulipa gesneriana L., homeland unknown is cultivated extensively in Europe and is naturalized in southern and Südestasien often
- Tulipa hungarica Borbás, Origin: Southwest Romania, Danube, former Yugoslavia
- Tulipa suaveolens Roth, Origin: South Eastern Russia
- Section Austral: Tulipa australis Link (syn.: Tulipa sylvestris subsp australis (Link) Pamp. . ), Origin: Iberian Peninsula, the Balkan Peninsula, Italy, France, North-West Africa
- Tulipa biebersteiniana Schult. & Schult.f.
- Tulipa Hageri Heldr. (also used as a synonym of T. orphanidea Boiss. Heldr ex. provided)
- Orphanides tulip (. Tulipa orphanidea Boiss ex Heldr. ), Origin: Balkan Peninsula, Aegean, Turkey
- Tulipa primulina Baker
- Naturalized Europe, Middle East, North Africa and Siberia: Wild Tulip (Tulipa sylvestris L.), home
- Tulipa whittallii A.D. Hall
- Zweiblütige tulip ( Tulipa biflora Pall. ), Origin: Balkans, Russia, Crimea, Egypt, Western Asia, Central Asia and West Siberia
- Small star - tulip ( Tulipa dasystemon ( rule) rule), Origin: Central Asia, Xinjiang
- Neustrueva tulip ( Tulipa neustruevae Pobed. ), Origin: Central Asia (Fergana )
- Multicolored tulip ( Tulipa polychroma Stapf )
- Tulipa Sogdiana Bunge, Origin: Central Asia
- Tulip tarda or star - tulip ( Tulipa tarda Stapf ), Origin: Central Asia
- Turkestan Tulip (Tulipa turkestanica ( rule) rule), Origin: Central Asia
- Tulipa aucheriana Baker, Origin: Syria, Iran
- Tulipa bakeri A.D. Hall
- Low tulip ( Tulipa humilis Herb. ), Origin: Caucasus, Iran, North Iraq
- Tulipa pulchella ( usually ) Baker
- Rock tulip or Cretan tulip ( Tulipa saxatilis Sieber ex Spreng. ), Origin: South Aegean, western Turkey
Other classifications recognize additional types of, for example, Tulipa mongolica YZ Zhao, Tulipa faribae Ghar. , Attar & Ghahrem. - Nejad, Tulipa cretica Boiss. & Heldr. of Crete, Tulipa doerfleri Gand. , the Mogoltau tulip ( Tulipa mogoltavica Popov & Vved. ) and Tulipa goulimyi Sealy & Turrill of southern Greece.
Breeding tulips
The tulips are divided into 15 groups of varieties. The groups 12 to 15 include wild tulips and their hybrids.
Symbolism
In literature and the performing arts, the tulip for transience are in the " language of flowers ", however, for love and affection. In everyday use, and are circulating on the internet a number of other meanings ranging from " a symbol of spring ," about " a symbol of the Netherlands " to the " symbol for Parkinson's disease " (for the red tulip ).