Cynareae

Cirsium eatonii var clokeyi

Cynareae is a tribe in plant sunflower family ( Asteraceae). Since most perceived as thistles and designated taxa are included in this tribe, the tribe could give the trivial names " thistles " you also, like the one with " thistle " is also the case in the English language.

Description

The species of the tribe Cynareae are herbaceous plants: annual or perennial, or rarely woody plants: subshrubs, shrubs or trees. Some types of Cynareae contain latex, a property which is usually found only in the inside of the Asteraceae Cichorioideae. Many of the species are poorly to very thorny ( " thistles "). The usually alternate and distributed in basal rosettes or on the stem arranged leaves are petiolate or sessile. The leaf blade rarely have an entire, usually a more or less toothed or lobed to spiny toothed leaf margin; in some species it is divided.

The individually in doldentraubigen to racemose inflorescences total to several standing together bloom conditions are often relatively large. The most unequal bracts are rarely in one or two, usually three to five rows, they can be freely grown to more or less and are mostly herbaceous, rarely fleshy, sometimes they end thorny and its edge may be smooth, serrated serrated to thorny. The flower basket floors are flat to convex. There are chaff leaves present or absent. The five petals are fused Roehrig. The flower heads are only tubular flowers, the outer zygomorph and can be greatly enlarged and clearly five-lobed border zweilippig to more or less, otherwise they are radial symmetry. The flower heads standing together in the second order of Echinops flower baskets each contain only one flower. At the edge are in some taxa one to three rows of mostly female flowers. Otherwise, the flowers are usually bisexual and fertile, rarely functionally male. The colors of their petals range from whitish to yellow and pink over purple to blue. The stamens are sometimes pappilös. The stamens are fused at Silybum. The anthers are more or less truant and have appendages. Almost all species have papillary style, they will often enlarged towards the tip or thickened and near the bifurcation usually extends or with a hair ring. The two stigma lobes can be grown.

The usually thick and hard achenes are prismatic, pencil -shaped, four - to five -edged or compressed mostly smooth, sometimes wrinkled, with 10 or 20 nerves. Often at the top of the achene pappus next to the navel or a coronet available. They usually have an early falling or stable pappus consisting mostly of fine to coarse bearded to feathery bristles, sometimes composed of bristles and scales, or just shed off.

Systematics and distribution

Diversity centers with the largest number occurring species and genera of the tribe Cynareae is located in the Mediterranean and Central Asia. Relatively few species there are in the New World ( North America come including the neophytes now 17 genera with about 116 species before ) and Australia. Relatively few species are native to the southern hemisphere. Some species are invasive plants in many areas of the world.

The Tribe Cynareae contains about 90 % of the species of the subfamily of Carduoideae. The first publication of the tribe Cynareae was in 1806 by Jean -Baptiste de Lamarck and Augustin - de Candolle in Pyrame Synopsis Plantarum in flora Gallica Descriptarum, 267 The synonym Cardueae Cass. was published in 1819 by Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini in Journal of natural philosophy, chemistry and the arts, 88, 155.

The systematics of this tribe is represented very differently in different authors. The tribe is Cynareae by Susanna et al. 2006 divided into five subtribe according to sources with 68-83 genera and up to 2500 species. The following list of 73 species is governed by Susanna & García- Jaca in Kadereit & Jeffrey (2007):

  • Subtribe Cardopatiinae: With only two genera: Cardopatium Juss. Cardopatium corymbosum (L. ) Pers.
  • Subtribe Carduinae O.Hoffmann: With about 29 genera: Alfredia Cass. With about five species in Central Asia.
  • Amphoricarpos Vis. With about five species of south-eastern Europe to the Caucasus.
  • Ancathia DC. With the only kind: Ancathia igniaria ( Spreng. ) DC. in the Caucasus.
  • Berardie ( Berardia lanuginosa ( Lam.) Fiori) in Italy and France.
  • Sand - silver -lip ( Jurinea cyanoides (L.) Rchb. )
  • Lamyropsis Cynaroides ( Lam.) Dittrich
  • Notobasis syriaca (L.) Cass. throughout the Mediterranean.
  • Ivory Thistle ( Ptilostemon afer ( Jacq. ) Greuter )
  • Ptilostemon chamaepeuce (L.) Less.
  • Ptilostemon stellatus (L.) Greuter
  • Schmalhausenia nidulans ( usually ) Petrak in Central Asia.
  • Staehelina fruticosa (L.) L.
  • Staehelina petiolata (L.) Hilliard & B. L. Burtt
  • Synurus deltoides ( Aiton ) Nakai in China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia and Russia.
  • Tyrimnus leucographus (L.) Cass. ( Syn. Carduus leucographus L.) in the Mediterranean.
  • Xeranthemum inapertum ( L.) Mill
  • Subtribe Carli Ninae O.Hoffmann: With only five genera: Atractylodes L.: With about seven species in eastern Asia, including five in China.
  • Atractylis DC. With about 22 species in the Mediterranean region and Macaronesia. Atractylis cancellata L.
  • Subtribe Centaureinae O.Hoffmann: With approximately 30 genera: Amberboa Vaill. With about six to seven species from the Mediterranean to Central Asia.
  • Callicephalus C.A.Mey. With the only kind: Callicephalus nitens ( Willd.) C.A.Mey. in Central and West Asia.
  • Blessed thistle (Centaurea benedicta (L.) L., Syn: Cnicus benedictus L.)
  • Centaurothamnus maximus ( Forssk. ) Wagenitz & Dittrich in Yemen.
  • Crupina crupinastrum ( Moris ) Vis.
  • Goniocaulon glabrum Cass. in India, Pakistan and East Africa.
  • Femeniasia Balearica ( JJRodr. ) Susanna in Menorca.
  • Karvandarina aphylla Rech.f., Aellen & Esfand. in Iran and Pakistan.
  • Mantisalca salmantica (L.) Briq. & Cav. The natural home is southern Spain and northwestern Africa. It is an invasive plant in many areas of the world.
  • Ochrocephala imatongensis ( Philipson ) Dittrich in East and Central Africa and India.
  • Plagiobasis centauroides Schrenke in Xinjiang, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
  • Russowia Sogdiana ( Bunge) B.Fedtschenko in dry ( arid ) areas in Xinjiang and Kazakhstan.
  • Schischkinia albispina ( Bunge) Ilyin in Central Asia.
  • Subtribe Echinopsidinae: With only two genera: Acantholepis Less.
  • Echinops ( Echinops L.): With approximately 120 species in Eurasia and Africa.
  • Incertae sedis (two thistle -like, little-known genera with uncertain assignment to the Cynareae ): Cavea W.W.Sm. & Small: The only kind: Cavea tanguensis ( J. R. Drumm. ) W.W.Sm. & Small from Southwest China and Northeast India.
  • Dipterocome pusilla fish. & Mey., Which is spread from Jordan to Afghanistan.

Alphabetical list of all 73 genera:

  • Acantholepis Less.
  • Alfredia Cass.
  • Amberboa Vaill.
  • Amphoricarpos Vis.
  • Ancathia DC.
  • Arctium L.
  • Atractylis L.
  • Atractylodes DC.
  • Berardia Vill.
  • Callicephalus C.A.Mey.
  • Cardopatium Juss.
  • Carduncellus Adans.
  • Carduus L.
  • Carlina L.
  • Carthamus L.
  • Cavea W.W.Sm. & Small
  • Centaurea L.
  • Centaurodendron Johow
  • Centaurothamnus Wagenitz & Dittrich
  • Chardinia Desf.
  • Cheirolophus Cass.
  • Cirsium Mill
  • Crocodylium Hill
  • Cousinia Cass.
  • Cousiniopsis Nevski
  • Crupina (Pers. ) DC.
  • Cynara L.
  • Dipterocome fish. & Mey.
  • Dolomiaea DC.
  • Echinops L.
  • Femeniasia Susanna
  • Goniocaulon Cass.
  • Hypacanthium Juz.
  • Jurinea Cass.
  • Karvandarina Rech f
  • Klasea Cass.
  • Lamyropappus Knorring & Tamamsch.
  • Lamyropsis ( Kharadze ) Dittrich
  • Mantisalca Cass.
  • Myopordon Boiss.
  • Notobasis Cass.
  • Ochrocephala Dittrich
  • Olgaea Ilyin
  • Oligochaeta ( DC.) K.Koch
  • Onopordum L.
  • Phonus Hill
  • Picnomon Adans.
  • Plagiobasis Schrenk
  • Plectocephalus D.Don
  • Polytaxis Bunge
  • Psephellus Cass.
  • Ptilostemon Cass.
  • Rhaponticoides Vaill.
  • Rhaponticum Vaill.
  • Russowia C.Winkl.
  • Saussurea DC.
  • Schischkinia Ilyin
  • Schmalhausenia C.Winkl.
  • Serratula L.
  • Siebera J.Gay
  • Silybum Adans.
  • Staehelina L.
  • Stizolophus Cass.
  • Synurus Ilyin
  • Syreitschikovia Pavlov
  • Thevenotia DC.
  • Tricholepis DC.
  • Tugarinovia Ilyin
  • Tyrimnus Cass.
  • Volutaria Cass.
  • Xeranthemum L.
  • Zoegea L.

Use

Best known are as vegetables are artichokes, a rare vegetables especially in Asian cuisine is the Burdock ( Arctium lappa ). It is known to safflower oil or Saflordistel ( Carthamus tinctorius L.). As some ornamental species and varieties of flakes flowers are used. Some species are used as medicinal plants.

Swell

  • Theodore M. Barkley, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother (Ed.): Cynareae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: unranked, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 ( Mutisieae - Anthemideae ), Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford et al 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9, p.82, description and Identification keys of the tribe Cynareae (English ).
  • Alfonso Susanna, Núria García- Jaca: Tribe Cardueae. In: Joachim W. Kadereit, Charles Jeffrey (ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume 8: Flowering Plants: eudicots, Asterales. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-31050-1, pp. 123-146.
  • Jose L. Panero, Vicki A. Funk: The value of sampling anomalous taxa in phylogenetic studies: major clades of the Asteraceae revealed. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 47, No. 2, 2008, pp. 757-782, DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.011, PDF file.
  • Jose L. Panero, Vicki A. Funk: Toward a phylogenetic classification for the Compositae subfamilial (Asteraceae). In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Volume 115, No. 4, 2002, pp. 909-922, online.
  • Entry in the Tree of Life project.
  • Alfonso Susanna, Núria García- Jaca, O. Hidalgo, Roser Vilatersana, Teresa Garnatje: The Cardueae (Compositae) revisited: insights from ITS, trnL - trnF, and matK nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 93, No. 1, 2006, pp. 150-171, doi: 10.3417/0026-6493 (2006) 93 [ 150: TCCRIF ] 2.0.CO; 2, digitized.
  • Zhu Shi, Eckhard von Raab - Straube, Werner Greuter, Ludwig Martins: Cardueae. In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China. Volume 20-21: Asteraceae, Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0, pp. 42-194. , Online at efloras.org, PDF file.
Asterids Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Augustin Pyramus de Candolle Raceme Pappus (flower structure) Henri Cassini Caucasus Mountains Galactites tomentosa Desert climate Digital Object Identifier
164162
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