Early Modern Japanese
Formerly spoken in
- Altaic language family (disputed ) Japonische languages
Frühneujapanisch (Japanese近世 日本语, kinsei nihongo ) was a language level of the Japanese language between Japanese and means new or presence of Japanese. She was a transition period in which the language took off many of its medieval features and approached its modern form.
Your period spanned approximately 250 years from the 17th to the mid 19th century. From a political perspective, this period is similar in general the Edo period.
- 3.1 verbs
- 3.2 Adjectives
Background
At the beginning of the 17th century, the political center of the country shifted under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate of Kamigata (room Kyōto ) to Edo. Prior to this, the Kamigata dialect, the forerunner of today's Kansai dialect, the most influential dialect was, but since the late Edo period takes the Edo dialect, the forerunner of today's Tokyo dialect, this role. The country shut its borders to foreigners. Compared to the previous centuries, the rule of the Tokugawa brought a high degree of stability which the warrior class lost its influence over the dealers. There was a wave of economic growth and new artistic achievements, such as the Ukiyo -e, Kabuki and Bunraku. In addition, new genre developed in the literature as Ukiyozōshi, Sharebon ( from the pleasure districts like Yoshiwara ), Kokkeibon ( by ordinary people ) and Ninjōbon. Important writers of this period were, among others Saikaku, Chikamatsu Monzaemon, Matsuo Bashō, Shikitei Sanba and Santo Kyoden.
Phonology
Vowels
In Frühneujapanisch there were the vowels / i, e, a, o, u /:
- / i /: [i ]
- / e /: [e ]
- / a / [a]
- / o / [ o]
- / u /: [ ɯ ]
In medieval Japanese were / e / and / o / in word-initial realized with the presented semi-vowel [j ] or [ w]. In both cases, the semi-vowel disappeared in the middle of the 18th century. The Closed vowels / i, u / are voiceless [i, ɯ̥ ] imposed if they occurred between voiceless consonants or word-finally, as can be proven by a number of foreign texts:
- Diego Collado's " Ars Grammaticae Iaponicae Lingvae " (1632 ) gives the following examples of voicelessness at the end of a word: gozaru > Gozar, fitòtçu > fitòtç, and AXI no fara > Àx no Fara.
- E. Kæmpfels "History and Description From Japan " (1777-1779) and CP Thunberg's " Resa uti Europa, Africa, Asia" (1788-1793), however, list some examples of voicelessness in the middle of words on: kurosaki > Krosaki, atsuka > atska.
Long vowels
During the Middle Japanese are two different long vowel, [ ɔ ː ] and [o ː ], difference, both united in the 17th century to [o ː ] As part of this association, the occurrence of ɔ ː fluctuated Kamigata dialect to be temporarily short.
- Nomɔ ː > nomo "drink"
- Hayɔ ː > hayo " quickly "
In addition, other vowels could be long fusions in Edo dialect.
- / ai / > [e ː ]: sekai > Seke ː "world" saigo > se ː go " finally, finally "
- / ae / > [e ː ]: kaeru > ke ː ru "Frog " Namae > name ː "Name"
- / oi / > [e ː ]: omoɕiroi > omoɕire ː
- / ie / > [e ː ]: oɕieru > oɕe ː ru "teach"
- / ui / > [i ː ]: warui > wari ː
- / i wa / > [ja ː ] kiki wa > kikja ː " listen "
- / o wa / > [a ː ]: nanzo wa > Nanza ː
In contrast, remained the long / u ː /, which had developed in Japanese means unchanged.
Consonants
The breakfast Nine Japanese had the following consonant stock:
/ t, s, z, h / 've ever allophones before the closed vowels [i, ɯ ] occur:
- T -> tʃ / __ i
- T -> TS / __ ɯ
- Z -> dʒ / __ i
- Z -> dz / __ ɯ
- H - > ç / __ i
- H - > ɸ / __ ɯ
There were numerous significant new features:
- / zi, di / and / to you / collapsed.
- / h / evolved in part from [ ɸ ] to [h, ç ]
- / se / lost his Pränasalisierung and became [ se]
In addition, the Japanese had the means -final. This was replaced by the open syllable / tu /.
Labialization
The labial / kwa, gwa / united with their non - labial counterparts to [ ka, ga ].
Palatalization
The consonants / s, z /, / t /, / n /, / h, b /, / p /, / m / and / r / were palatalized.
In addition, can be in the Edo dialect a Depalatalisierung find:
- Hyakunin issyu > hyakunisi
- / teisyu / > / teisi / "Lord"
- / zyumyo ː / > / zimyo ː / "life"
Pränasalisierung
In medieval Japan, there was a series of voiced plosives and fricatives pränasalierten: [ ng, nz, nd, mb ]. This lost their Pränasalierung in Frühneujapanischen and became g, z, d, b.
Grammar
Verbs
In Frühneujapanischen there were five Konjugationsstufen:
The development started in the middle of the Japanese verbal system continued in this language level. The present classic Japanese circuit form was replaced by the Attributivform and the number of conjugacy classes decreased from nine to five. In particular, the R- Irregular, the N- Irregular and the lower two -tiered looks to a regular four -tiered and the upper two-stage verbs merged with the associated Unique. This leaves the four-level, the upper and lower two-stage, as well as the k -and s- irregular verbs.
Adjectives
There were two types of adjectives: regular adjectives and adjectival nouns.
Historically, regular adjectives divide into two subgroups, those which end in the Adverbialform on -ku and ended in this form on - siku. However, the difference in Frühneujapanischen was meaningless.
The adjectival nouns were divided into two subgroups, on - NAR and the terminal ends of tar. In Frühneujapanischen disappeared tar, leaving only -na remained.
Swell
- Yasuhiro Kondō, Masayuki Tsukimoto, Katsumi Sugiura: Nihongo no Rekishi (Japanese). Hoso Daigaku Kyoiku Shinkokai, 2005, ISBN 4-595-30547-8.
- Samuel E. Martin: The Japanese Language Through Time. Yale University, 1987, ISBN 0-300-03729-5.
- Akira Matsumura: Nihon Bunpō Daijiten (Japanese). Meiji Shoin, 1971, ISBN 4-6254-0055-4.
- Marc Hideo Miyake: Old Japanese: a phonetic reconstruction. RoutledgeCurzon, London; New York 2003, ISBN 0-415-30575-6.
- Norio Nakata: Koza Kokugoshi: Dai 2 kan: On'inshi, Mojishi (Japanese). Taishukan Shoten, 1972.
- Masayoshi Shibatani: The Languages of Japan. Cambridge University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-521-36918-5.
- Akiho Yamaguchi, Hideo Suzuki, Ryuzo Sakanashi, Masayuki Tsukimoto: Nihongo no Rekishi (Japanese). Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai, 1997, ISBN 4-13-082004-4.