Gentianaceae

Dot - gentian ( Gentiana punctata)

The Gentian Family ( Gentianaceae ) are a family of plants in the order of the gentian -like ( Gentianales ). The approximately 80-87 genera and 900-1655 species are represented worldwide.

  • 3.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

There are usually one- or two-year perennial herbaceous plants, rarely woody plants: shrubs, trees or lianas. All plant parts are smooth.

The mostly opposite, sessile leaves are simple and smooth edges. In some taxa the opposing leaves are partially connected by a thickened bar. In some herbaceous species the leaves are concentrated basal. Stipules absent.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are single, in a terminal or in axillary inflorescences, mostly it is a simple or composite dichasium, with or without bracts. The hermaphrodite flowers are nearly always radial symmetry and usually four or fünfzählig. The four or five (rarely up to twelve) sepals are fused at least at the base. The four or five (rarely up to twelve ) are usually large and conspicuous colored petals are fused at least at base ( Sympetalie ). It's just a circle with four or five (rarely up to twelve) stamens present; they are adherent to the corolla tube. Sepals, Kron and stamens are always present in each flower the same large numbers. Two carpels are fused into a superior ovaries. Some species are heterostyl. Pollination is mostly by insects ( entomophily ).

Fruit and seeds

There are usually formed with many seeds mostly bivalve capsule fruits; very rarely are berries with few seeds. The small seeds contain oil and may be winged or wingless.

Ingredients

Especially with the herbaceous taxa bitter substances are often present, is seco- iridoids.

System

This family was erected in 1789 under the name " Gentianae " by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum, 141. Type genus Gentiana is L. The taxa of the previous families. Chironiaceae Bercht. & J.Presl, Coutoubeaceae Mart. , Potaliaceae Mart. , Saccifoliaceae Maguire & Pires are now included in the family Gentianaceae.

The Gentianaceae family is divided into six tribes with about 80-87 (up to 95 ) genera and 900-1655 species:

  • Tribus Saccifolieae ( Maguire & Pires ) Struwe, Thiv, VAAlbert & Kadereit: it contains four to five genera with about 19 species in tropical South America: Curtia Cham. & Schltdl. The eight species are distributed from Mexico to Central America to Argentina and missing in the Andean region.
  • Hockinia Gardner: It contains only one type: Hockinia montana Gardner: It occurs in eastern Brazil.
  • Saccifolium bandeirae Maguire & Pires: It comes in the highlands of Guiana ago on the border of Brazil and Venezuela.
  • Voyriella parviflora ( Miq. ) Miq. ( Syn: Voyria parviflora Miq, Voyriella oxycarpha Sandwith. ): It is distributed in the northeastern tropical South America and Panama.
  • Tribus Exaceae Colla: it contains six genus of about 165 species in the Paläotropis: Cotylanthera flower ( sometimes Exacum L.): The approximately four types of the leaves contain little or no chlorophyll. The only four species are widespread in the northeastern India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, China, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines.
  • Bitter leaf ( Exacum L.): The approximately 65 species are widespread in the Paläotropis.
  • Gentianothamnus Humbert: it contains only one type: Gentianothamnus madagascariensis Humbert: It occurs only in Madagascar.
  • Tribus Chironieae ( G.Don ) finite: it is divided into two subtribe and includes about 26 genera with about 159 species: Subtribe Chironiinae: Bisgoeppertia Kuntze: The only three species occur only in the Greater Antilles. Two species thrive on soils over serpentine, one only in the western and the other only in eastern Cuba. The third type occurs only in the Dominican Republic prior to Hispaniola.
  • Bitter gentian or bitterlings ( Blackstonia Huds. ): The approximately four species occur in Europe and in the Mediterranean. Late Bitterling ( Blackstonia acuminata ( WDJKoch & Ziz ) Domin )
  • Blackstonia grandiflora Pau
  • Blackstonia imperfoliata ( L. f ) Samp.
  • Durchwachsenblättriger Bitterling ( Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Huds. )
  • Exaculum pusillum ( Lam.) Caruel: It is found in south-western Europe and western North Africa, ie in the western Mediterranean region.
  • Canaries gentian ( Ixanthus viscosus ( Sm ) Griseb. ): It occurs in the Canaries.
  • Zygostigma australe ( Cham. & Schltdl. ) Griseb. It occurs in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina.
  • Canscora Lam. The approximately nine species are widespread in the tropics.
  • Cracosna Gagnep. Approximately The three types are common in Southeast Asia.
  • Hoppea Willd. Approximately the two species are originally found in India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar and are in Africa, Australia and the Philippines neophytes.
  • Microrphium CBClarke: The approximately two species occur in Malaysia's and the Philippines.
  • Phyllocyclus short, about five species come from Myanmar before to southern Dhina.
  • Schinziella Gilg: it contains only one type: Schinziella tetragona ( Schinz ) Gilg: It is widespread in tropical Africa.
  • Coutoubea Aubl. The five types are spread from Central America to northern tropical South America.
  • Deianira Cham. & Schltdl. The five to seven species in Brazil are nd Bolivia widespread.
  • Schultesia Mart. The approximately 21 species in the tropics, except in Asia, spread.
  • Symphyllophyton Gilg: it contains only one type: Symphyllophyton caprifolioides Gilg: It occurs in southern Brazil.
  • Xestaea lisianthoides Griseb. It occurs in Venezuela.
  • Tribus Helieae Gilg: It contains about 22 genera with about 190 species in the Neotropics: Adenolisianthus ( Progel ) Gilg: it contains only one type: Adenolisianthus arboreus ( Spruce ex Progel ) Gilg ( Syn: Lisianthus arboreus Spruce ex Progel, Helia arborea ( Spruce ex Progel ) Kuntze, Irlbachia alata subsp arborea ( Spruce ex Progel ) JGMPers & Maas, Chelonanthus fruticosus Maguire & Boom. . ): It is Colombia, Brazil and Venezuela common.
  • Aripuana cullmaniorum Struwe, Maas, & V.Albert: It is distributed in the southeastern Brazilian Amazon.
  • Lagenanthus princeps ( Lindl. ) Gilg ( Syn: Lehmanniella princeps ( Lindl. ) JESimonis ex PJMMaas, Lisianthus princeps Lindl. ): It is native to the Colombian- Venezuelan border in northern South America.
  • Purdieanthus pulcher ( Hook. ) Gilg ( Syn: Lehmanniella pulchra ( Hook. ) Simonis ex PJMMaas, Lisianthius pulcher Hook.. ): It is native to the Colombian- Venezuelan border in northern South America.
  • Sipapoantha Ostrina Maguire & BMBoom: It occurs only in Venezuela.
  • Tetrapollinia caerulescens ( Aubl. ) Maguire & BMBoom: It is widespread in tropical South America.
  • Yanomamua Araca E.Dean, Maas & Struwe: It comes only in the Serra do Araca ago in Brazil.
  • Zonanthus cubensis Griseb. The home is Cuba.
  • Tribus Potalieae Reichenbach: The is divided into three subtribe and includes about 13 genera with about 154 tropical species: Subtribe Potaliinae: It contains three genera: Anthocleista R.Br.: The approximately 15 species in tropical Africa, spread to Madagascar and the Comoros.
  • Fagraea Thunb. The approximately 35 species are spread from Southeast Asia to Australia about on Pacific Islands.
  • Potalia Aubl. The approximately nine species of Costa Rica before coming to Bolivia.
  • Congolanthus A.Raynal: it contains only one type: Congolanthus longidens ( NEBr. ) A.Raynal: it is in tropical Africa spread in the Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Gabon, Nigeria, Zaire, Uganda and Tanzania.
  • Djaloniella ypsilostyla P.Taylor: They occur in tropical West Africa.
  • Karina tayloriana Boutique: It occurs only in the Congo.
  • Oreonesion testui A.Raynal: They occur in tropical West Africa.
  • Pycnosphaera buchananii ( Bak. ) NEBr. It occurs in tropical Africa.
  • Urogentias ulugurensis Gilg & Gilg - Ben. It comes only in Tanzania found only in the mountain ranges Uluguru and Nguru Mountains.
  • Lisianthius P.Browne ( Syn: Lisianthus P.Browne orth var, Lecanthus Griseb, Leianthus Griseb. . ): The approximately 30 species are distributed in Central America and the Greater Antilles.
  • Tribus Gentianeae Colla: You will be in two subtribe and includes about 17 genera with about 950 species: Subtribe Gentianinae: It contains three genera: Crawfurdia Wall:. The approximately 16 species are India, Bhutan, Sikkim, Myanmar and China widespread ( 14 species ).
  • Gentians (Gentiana L. ): The about 360 species are distributed mainly in Asia. In each case, some species occur in Europe, North and South America, the north-eastern Africa and eastern Australia before.
  • Tripterospermum flower: With about 24 species; they occur in East Asia.
  • Bartonia H.L.Mühl. ex Willd. With about four species.
  • Dwarf gentian or hair throat ( Comastoma ( Wettst. ) Toyokuni. ): With about seven to 25 species.
  • Frasera Walter: The approximately 15 species are widespread in North America.
  • Wreath gentians ( Gentianella Moench ): The approximately 250 species in Eurasia, North and South America, Africa and New Zealand common.
  • Frans gentians ( Gentianopsis Ma): The approximately 16 to 24 species are distributed in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.
  • . Halenia Borkh: Of the approximately 80 species are about 76 from Central to South America spread; the other about four occur in Asia and North America.
  • Jaeschkea short, two to four species occur in the Himalayas in northern India, Kashmir, Pakistan, Sikkim and China (two species).
  • Latouchea Franch. Contains only one type: Latouchea fokienensis Franch. Thrives on the roadside and in forests at altitudes from 1000 to 2100 meters in the southeastern and southwestern China in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, southeastern Sichuan and northeastern Yunnan.
  • Obolaria virginica L.: It is distributed in the southeastern United States.
  • Pterygocalyx volubilis Maxim. ; it occurs in East Asia
  • Marsh gentian ( Swertia perennis L.)
  • Belongs to no tribe: Voyria Aubl. Chlorophylllos you are with dust- like seeds. Of the approximately 19 species are 18 in the Neotropics distributed, only one type ( Voyria primuloides Baker ) occurs in West Africa; among these species, for example: Voyria tenella Guild. ex Hook.

Some genera are classified in different authors in the family of Loganiaceae.

Swell

  • The Gentianaceae in APWebsite family. (Sections systematics and description)
  • The Gentianaceae at DELTA family. ( Description section )
  • The Gentian Research Network. (Sections systematics and description)
  • Ting- tion Ho & James S. Pringle: Gentianaceae, pp. 1 - text the same online as printed work, In: Wu Zheng -yi and Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 16 - Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1995. ISBN 0-915279-33-9 (Sections Description and systematics)
Asterids Perennial plant Ovary (botany) Heterostyly Berry Cut flowers North Africa Middle America (region) West Indies Ecuador Guyana Uluguru Mountains Agricultural Research Service Digital Object Identifier
309959
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