John Henry Newman
John Henry Cardinal Newman CO ( born February 21, 1801 in London, † August 11 1890 in Edgbaston ) was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, to which he as a priest and theology professor converted in 1845 from the Church of England. Through his academic and literary work, and by his conversion, he influenced the spiritual life of England and Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries deep. He is among the pioneers were responsible for one in front of the horizon of knowledge of modern Catholicism. On September 19, 2010 Newman by Pope Benedict XVI. beatified.
Life
Background and education
John Henry Newman was born on 21 February 1801 in London. In his home, there was the atmosphere of a mainly Christian educated middle class. Age of fifteen, he fell into a spiritual- religious crisis, caused by age-related problems of identity and reading writings critical of religion. The crisis led to a shift to " evangelical ", ie decided pious Anglicanism ( " first conversion" ). God was and remained to him since the undoubted and all-determining voice of conscience.
1817 Newman joined as a student of theology in Trinity College (Oxford ), where he furthered his education in many fields of knowledge. In April 1822 he was elected a Fellow of Oriel College ( Oxford). On June 4, 1823 he was awarded the Master of Arts, the Bachelor of Divinity was followed on 26 October 1836. Bishop Edward Legge ordained him on June 13, 1824 in the Oxford Christ Church Cathedral, a deacon of the Anglican Church and appointed him curate at the St. Clement's Church in Oxford. On May 28 in 1825 Anglican ordination took place in the Oxford Cathedral. With him the consecration received, inter alia, TT Churton and Charles Dodgson, the father of Lewis Carroll. In 1826 he was appointed tutor at Oriel College, Oxford. In March 1828, he was appointed vicar of the University Church of St. Mary's in Oxford. In November of the same year appointment as Public Examiner, so for slimming university examinations took place.
Italy travel and Anglo - Catholicism
In 1832 he undertook a journey to Italy, which also took him to Rome. When he fell ill live dangerously in Sicily, he realized, " I shall not die, for I have not sinned against the light. ( ... ) I have to do a work in England. " On the way home, on the lake, created in 1833 some of his famous poems, such as The pillar of the cloud ( " Lead, kindly light ... ").
Since his visit to Rome he turned away from the subject -centeredness of evangelical piety and theology from an objectively - sacramental view of the Church and Christianity. In this case, the study of normative and in the Anglican Church theologians of the early Church played a decisive role. Newman was with John Keble and Edward Bouverie Pusey the leading head of the Anglo- Catholic movement, which strove for a renewal of the Church of England doctrine and liturgy of the early Church.
In the Tracts for the Time ( Tracts for the time), which was edited by Newman, the ideas of the movement were disseminated. In the 90th treatise of the series Newman questioned in 1841 the Thirty-nine Articles, and thus the legitimacy of Anglicanism, which (in charge of the consecrated with Newman Churton, now Vice - Principal at Brasenose College) led to a protest on the part of influential professors at Oxford and Newman moved that adjust Traktateserie, even if he does not wavered on its substantive position.
The more he came from a rigid, directly derived from the Bible dogmatism evangelical way of an organic, the historical development of the Church's teaching building ( like a seed ) accepting view, the irrefutable was the Roman church for him the true and legitimate continuation of the early Church. At the same time had expanded and corrected his knowledge of the Catholic religion travel.
The other front of his thought remained (before and after the conversion ) the rejection of theological liberalism, the dogmatic formulations does not confer liability and retreats on morality and emotion.
In the Catholic Church
After a long inner struggle, he was accepted by Dominic Barberi in the Catholic Church in October 1845. On Trinity Sunday 1847 he was ordained a priest in Rome. With his companions, he was a member of the Oratorianergemeinschaft which he implanted in England and directed.
Newman's life after the conversion was marked by hostility and suspicion on Anglican on the Catholic side. There you saw in him the apostates, here the still dominated by liberal- Protestant thinkers categories. So the rector of the newly established Catholic University of Ireland was revoked in Dublin a few years back. Through his great pastoral sense, his shadowless sincerity and his high intellectuality, which were expressed in his correspondence and his books, but he gained on all sides increasingly dignity and respect. By Hitting it was his life -justification " Apologia " (1864 ), with which he responded to the onslaught of Charles Kingsley against his credibility. His " Grammar of Assent " (1870 ) is also an important contribution to Analysis to read fidei.
The definition of papal infallibility in official doctrinal decisions at the First Vatican Council held Newman Although tactically inopportune, but essentially correct. Therefore, it was accepted by him and encouraged him to further clarify the question of authority in the church. Invitations to participate in the Council as a theologian he refused.
1877 Newman was given the title "Honorary Fellow" of his old Oxford University, 1879 he was appointed by Pope Leo XIII. made a cardinal deacon with the title Diakonia San Giorgio in Velabro and thus recognized on both sides of the sectarian trench and honored.
Newman died on August 11, 1890 in Edgbaston. At the time of his death he was the oldest member of the College of Cardinals in six months cardinal deacon and 89 years of age.
Beatification
The beatification of Newman was soon after his death wish of many creditors. Numerous Newman monuments in England, including London Monument in 1896, testify to the contrary brought him reverence. In October 1945, he paid tribute to Pope Pius XII. occasion of the 100th anniversary of his conversion. In 1955 the formal process of beatification was opened, which dragged on longer than expected. The reason is the extensive literature Newman, which was to examine cited. 1991 saw Pope John Paul II Newman at the title Venerable Servant of God.
On August 11, 2008, at Newman's 118th anniversary of his death, was granted by the British Ministry of Justice permission to exhume the remains of Cardinal Newman and to bring in a sarcophagus in the Oratory Church of Birmingham. At the opening of the grave in Rednal on 3 October 2008 in the coffin only remnants of dresses were found. On 3 July 2009, Pope Benedict XVI. the decree authorizes that recognizes the authenticity of the miracle, which Cardinal John Henry Newman is attributed to the intercession of the Venerable Servant of God. On September 19, 2010, Pope Benedict XVI. Newman blessed at a church service in Cofton Park in Birmingham. As a liturgical memorial he appointed 9 October, the day of Newman's inclusion in the Catholic Church.
On January 15 In 2011, Benedict XVI. the newly established Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham under the patronage of Blessed John Henry Newman.
Major writings and works of
- The Arians of The Fourth century; London 1833.
- Tracts for The Time; Oxford 1833-41 ( Newman was the editor and wrote 29 of the 90 published itself).
- Lyra Apostolica; Oxford 1836 (contains poems Newman [ including " Lead, Kindly Light" ] and others).
- Lectures on The Prophetical Office of The Church Viewed Relatively to Romanism And Popular Protestantism; London 1836 ( appeared with a very detailed additional preface provided in 1877 as The Via Media of The Anglican Church I, Vol II, also published in 1877, contains letters and treatises on the " Via Media ").
- An Essay on The Development of Christian Doctrine; London 1845.
- The Idea of A University Defined And Illustrated; London 1852 ( Part I ) and 1859 ( part II).
- Callista, A Tale of The Third Century; London 1855.
- Apologia pro Vita Sua; London 1865.
- The Dream of Gerontius; London 1865. (1900 set to music by Edward Elgar as the eponymous oratorio The Dream of Gerontius. )
- An Essay in Aid of A Grammar of Assent; London 1870.
- Historical Sketches; London 1872.
- Joseph Rickeby: Index to the works of John Henry Cardinal Newman. Longmans, Green & Co. London 1914
- Works by and about John Henry Newman - the Internet Archive (online)
Indicated are the first editions. In addition, published several volumes of sermons and Open letters as well as a compiled his own complete edition of his works in the 60s and 70s of the 19th century. After his death, several compilations were released by similar letters and occasional writings. The most important works are in the selected works in nine volumes ( ed. Matthias Laros and Werner Becker, Matthias - Grünewald - Verlag Mainz from 1951 to 1975 ) available in German.