Romance languages

The Romance languages are part of the (modern) Italian branch and thus to the Indo-European languages. There are about 15 Romance languages , with around 700 million native speakers, 850 million including second speakers. The speaker most Romance languages are Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and Romanian.

Unlike most other language groups is the original language of Romansh is well attested: It is the spoken Latin of Late Antiquity ( Vulgar Latin or Vulgar Latin ). The Latin itself is not considered a romance language, but is expected to be the Italic languages , of which the Romance languages only Latin today, " offspring " has.

8.1 Extensive research works
8.2 Shorter introductions

Today's standard languages

The present Romanesque standard languages are:

Romance Languages by subgroups

The Romance languages can be prepared by partially linguistic system, some geographical criteria divided into several subgroups. In the following list of the Romance languages is important to note that in many Romanic idioms the list is difficult as they are performed depending on the source times as independent languages as dialects times. This is due to the fact that they do not have a unified standard language, but are mainly used in addition to other standard language, especially in informal contexts ( diglossia ).

With the exception of the Sephardic and the Anglo -Norman is among the enumerated here to linguistic forms that have evolved directly and in unbroken continuity over time from the spoken Latin. They form in Europe with the exception of the Romanian also a spatial continuum. We speak because of the temporal and spatial continuity of Romania continua.

The most important distinction among the Romance languages in the field of historical phonology and morphology is that between Eastern and Western Romance languages. For the entire Western Roman Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Roman as well as the northern Italian varieties are expected, for the Italian East Romance tongues ( with the exception of the northern Italian varieties ) and the Balkan Romance. The position of Romansh language ( Romansh, Ladin and Friulian ) in this classification is controversial. The Sardinian is usually quite exempt from this distinction, since it can not be assigned to the two groups clearly.

Ibero-Romance languages

For Ibero Romanesque include the Spanish, Portuguese and Galician default language (the latter are sometimes combined into a slide system ). The position of the spoken in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula Catalan (including the Valencian ) is controversial, it occupies a transitional position between the Ibero- Romance and Gallo-Roman. In addition, among the Ibero-Romance languages:

Aragonese in the northern region of Aragon in Spain
Asturleonesisch in the Asturias region and the provinces of León and Zamora in Spain. Closely related to this is the Mirandesische ( Mirandês ) in the northeast of Portugal, which is local official language there.
Ladino, the language of the Sephardic Jews expelled from Spain after 1492, is still spoken in Turkey, in Israel and in New York.

Gallo-Roman languages

The French standard language is used on almost the entire territory of the Gallo- Romance languages today. After system linguistic criteria can divide the Gallo- Romance languages into three groups:

Langues d' oïl. These next to the French are more closely related with this dialects that are considered by some as their own languages: Picard in northern France and Belgium
Walloon in north-eastern France and Belgium
Anglo-Norman, the language of the Norman upper class in medieval England after 1066
Norman in North West France and the Channel Islands ( Jèrriais on the island of Jersey, Guernsey Dgèrnésiais on the island and on the island of Sark Sercquiais )
Gallo in the eastern part of Brittany
Angevin in western France
Lorraine Moselle department in Lorraine's, Meurthe -et -Moselle and Vosges, a sub- dialect is What in Alsace.

Occitan or Langue d'oc southern France ( Occitania ), the Alps, North West Italy and the Val d' Aran in Catalonia. This has to be classified in any case as a separate Romance language due to the system distance, but has no generally accepted standard variety: Auvergnatisch in Auvergne
Gascognisch Aran in southwestern France between the Garonne and the Pyrenees and in the Val d'; in the Val d' Aran is the local variety, Aranese, local official language.
Languedokisch in Languedoc
Limousinisch in Limousin
Nissart in the area around Nice (often also the Provencal counted )
Provençal in Provence (the term was formerly also used for Provençal Occitan as a whole)

The delineation of the Gallo-Roman for Ibero Romance and Italo Romanesque Romanesque dialect within the continuum is not unique. The Catalan occupies a transitional position between Gallo-Roman and Ibero-Romance, Gallo- Italian varieties have pure systemlinguistisch considered more with the Gallo-Roman together as with the rest of Italo Romanesque to which they are usually counted from geographical and cultural-historical reasons. The close links with the Roman of today's France but clearly, for example, in the Gallic / Celtic relic of the Gallo Italian words that are also found in Celtic relic vocabulary Transalpina for the most part.

Romansh languages

Under the name alps Romanesque or Romansh languages sometimes Furlanische, the Grisons Romansh and Ladin are summarized. They have been separated as it were from the Gallo- Italian idioms, after they or their speakers more south oriented to the central Italian dialects.

Italo Romance Languages

The only italo Romanesque default language is Italian. The remaining italo Romance languages are therefore often classified all the scope of the standard Italian language and also be as Italian dialects with the exception of the Corsican and the Monegasque. They can be divided into three sub- groups, between which there are major differences:

The varieties of the northern group take part a transitional position to the Gallo-Roman. Those who have so common in the field of phonetic development, morphology and vocabulary more than with the rest of Italo Romance, will therefore be summarized as Gallo Italian. However, the Venetian Romanesque in the north- east of Italy has more in common with the rest of Italo Romanesque. For the northern group includes (as Gallo Italian varieties ): Emilia in Emilia -Romagna
Ligurian in Liguria; a Ligurian variety is also the Monegasque in Monaco
Lombard in Lombardy and in southern Switzerland
Piedmontese in Piedmont, as well as
Venetian or Venetisches Romanesque, in the Veneto region of Northeast Italy (not Gallo- Italian)

Central Italian varieties spoken in the regions of Tuscany and Umbria and the largest part of Latium and the Marches. The border to the northern Italian varieties roughly follows the line La Spezia - Rimini, the border to the southern Italian varieties of the line Rome - Ancona. They form the basis of the standard Italian language. The Corsican in Corsica, which has acquired there alongside the French in limited official recognition heard systemlinguistisch also considered to be the central Italian varieties, but has, for geographical and cultural-historical reasons a special status.

The southern Italian varieties are spoken in the southern half of the Apennine Peninsula and Sicily. Best known are the Neapolitan in Campania and some neighboring areas which were varied and for standard Italian speakers virtually incomprehensible Calabrian dialects in Calabria and the Sicilian in Sicily.

The Istriotische is spoken in the southwest of Istria and sometimes referred to as a separate language.

Sardinian

The Sardinian Sardinian can be assigned to any of the subgroups. It currently has no uniform standard language, but must be classified in any case as a separate language due to its distance system to the other Romance languages.

Balkan Romance Languages

For Balkan Romance language group heard the only default language, Romanian (also called Dakorumänisch ). The officially designated as Moldovan official language of Moldova is identical except for a few differences with the Romanian standard language.

The group of the Balkans, Romania also include several small languages spoken in South Eastern Europe:

Aromanian (also Mazedorumänisch ) in Northern Greece, Macedonia, Albania, Kosovo
Istrorumänisch in the north- east of Istria (Croatia )
Meglenorumänisch in the Upper Meglen level on the border between Greece and Macedonia.

Extinct Romance languages

Today extinct Romance languages ( Romania submersa, sunken Romania ) are:

Dalmatisch on the eastern Adriatic coast (including the variants Vegliotisch on the island of Krk (Italian: Veglia ) and Ragusäisch to Dubrovnik (Italian: Ragusa) )
Mozarabic ( in Spain between the Arab conquest and reconquest )
North African Romance
Mosel Romance language ( Romansh-speaking island in the Moselle valley )

Creole languages on Romanesque basis

Some linguists also expect the Romanesque- based pidgins and creoles to the Romance languages . This " neo-roman languages " ( Romania nova ) can be divided into:

Lingua Franca ( Pidgin )
French -based creole languages
Spanish- Portuguese -based creoles

Planned languages on partially Romanesque basis

The vast majority of planned languages are a reformed Romance language or a synthesis of several. Under the so-called naturalistic direction refers to just such plan languages. The best known and most important example is Interlingua of 1951. But the Esperanto of the so-called autonomous direction has its vocabulary to more than three-quarters from the Latin and the Romance languages , especially the French.

Language comparison

Grammatical and word similarities within the Romance languages , and between these and the Latin show the following sentences:

The following overview makes similarities, but also differences in the vocabulary significantly.

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