Concerto grosso

In a concerto grosso a small solo group of instruments is treated ( Concertino, Italian for " little concert " ) a larger (Concerto grosso, Italian for " big concert " ) opposite; Passages in which both groups play together are called Tutti. The ripieno voices that play in the tutti passages, mostly occupied several times.

Originated the Concerto Grosso is in the Baroque from an extension of the trio sonata, another precursor is the Venetian polychorality. Formally, it is often followed by the four-movement church sonata ( slow - fast - slow - fast ) or chamber sonata ( Introduction and some dance movements ). In the second half of the 18th century displaced the concerto grosso by the Symphony and the Sinfonia Concertante.

Genesis of the concerto grosso

Even with Francesco Usper (1619 ) and Massimiliano Neri op 2 ( 1651) to find the first examples. For the first time used Alessandro Stradella the names Concertino and Concerto Grosso (later Ripieno ) in a cantata composition. Also, it was Stradella, who wrote the first complete works of the genre with his "Symphony a piú stromenti ".

The development took place in mid -17th century place mainly in Italy. Published in 1698 Giovanni Lorenzo Gregori be the first one collection under the work title " Concerti grossi a piú stromenti ". The Concerti Op 6 by Arcangelo Corelli have been composed in the 1680s, but not printed until 1714 in Amsterdam. Other examples were described as " Concerti " or "Symphony of 4, 5, 6, 7 " means, however, correspond from the plant exactly the scheme described here, especially here are the works of Tomaso Albinoni, Alessandro Marcello and Giuseppe Tartini to mention.

As the voices of the two groups were not conducted independently, described Georg Muffat, of Corelli's performance practice from his own experience knew the flexible possibilities of occupation: "à tre ", ie as a trio sonata, "à quattro ", ie Tutti and Soli contracted, and the juxtaposition of Concertino and choral occupied ripieno. Also, a supplement of the strings through colla parte playing oboes, flutes and bassoons was common. Muffat composed his first Concerti 1682 in Rome, the " were ausprobieret " in the house of Captain Corelli under whose guidance, and said of Corelli: " deme concerning because many large favorably communizierten useful observations disen Stylum I benefit connected me " - that was some 25 years before the release of its op 6

Corelli

Arcangelo Corelli's twelve Concerti Grossi Op 6 are considered the first published collection of mature compositions of this type, although it is known that he has already instituted the principle in 1680. Their formation time is probably in the 1680s, the first edition was published in 1714. Corelli chose for this in April 1712 Estienne Roger in Amsterdam as a publisher. Contractually Corelli were granted 150 free copies.

The first eight ( including the famous No. 8, " fatto per la notte di Natale ," the so-called Christmas Concert ) follow very freely the type of the church sonata; the pace will change often, even within the sentences. The remaining four are chamber sonatas and contain stylized dance movements ( Allemande, Courante, Minuet, Sarabande, Gigue ). Characteristic are relatively short motifs in their execution Concertino (two violins, cello) and Ripieno alternate. In general, the soloists ( the concertino ) Tutti all games.

In 1687 Corelli organized on behalf of Queen Christina of Sweden, a concert for Pope Innocent XI. , In which he used 150 Strings, which was not unusual for the time. The orchestra at San Petronio in Bologna were at the same time 120 strings available. In order to give more shine the Concerti Grossi at ceremonies in the great cathedrals, the Concertinostimmen were reinforced by oboes and trumpets on special occasions.

Handel

Georg Friedrich Handel wrote two series of concerti grossi, Opus 3 with six concerts (HWV 312-317 ) and the Opus 6 with twelve concertos (HWV 319-330 ), and the single standing Concerto Grosso in C major " Alexander's Feast " (HWV 318).

  • The six concerts of the concerto grosso op 3 (HWV 312-317 ) were published in 1734. Handel uses consistently back on their older compositions, which served as an instrumental introduction or incidental music for vocal works. Although the pieces are also known under the title " Oboenkonzerte " next most two oboes, two violins, cellos, bassoons and recorders are used solo.
  • The Concerto Grosso in C major " Alexander's Feast " (HWV 318) of 1736 was written as incidental music for his oratorio " Alexander's Feast ". The Concertino consists of two violins and cello, the Ripieno of two oboes, two violins, viola and continuo.
  • The twelve concerts of the concerto grosso op 6 (HWV 319-330 ) were in the fall of 1739 composed within just one month and make only a few borrowed from earlier works. The Concertino consists entirely of two violins and cello, strings and continuo in addition to the Ripieno from two oboes, the colla parte are usually performed in the violins. Handel, Op 6, with novel style elements, such as the introduction and processing of a second theme and a differentiated dynamics and harmony, there has already been to the symphony of the early classical period.

Brook

Johann Sebastian Bach's Brandenburg Concertos are no Concerti Grossi in the true sense. Most likely corresponds to the second with an unusual Concertino from high trumpet, recorder, oboe and violin the type. The first, third and sixth are more attributable to the genus proposed in 1927 by Arnold Schering concept of group concert in the fourth and fifth solo violin and harpsichord have a clear predominance over the other solo instruments.

Another composer Concerti Grossi

20th century

Only in the last hundred years, the principle of the concerto grosso was revived in the wake of intense involvement with baroque music, first by Max Reger ( Concerto in the Old Style ), Ernst Krenek (Concerto grosso No. 1, Op 10; Concerto grosso No. 2, op 25) and Paul Hindemith ( concert Music for Strings and Brass, Op 50/1),

Concertino (group) Sonata da camera Alexander's Feast (Handel) Steppenwolf (novel) William Corbett (composer) William Hayes (composer) Robert Valentine (composer) Lorenzo Zavateri Julián Orbón Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart
200020
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