Haplogroup R-M207

R = M207 ( UTY2 ), P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, S4, S8, S9 and V45

Y- haplogroup R in human genetics a Haplogroup of the Y chromosome. It is a subset of P. The mutation M207 adds to their distinction at.

6.1 Notes and references

Origin

It is believed that the haplogroup R in North West Asia 30000-35000 years ago appeared the first time. The more rare forms of chromosomes of haplogroup R, and the most common cases of closely related with their Haplogroup Q, are found, interestingly, among populations in Central Asia, South Asia, Australia, Siberia, with Native Americans, in Egypt and Cameroon. It is the most common haplogroup in Europe.

Kivisild among others suggest that southern and western Asia might be the source of this haplogroup ":

Based on the geographical distribution and STR differences sister groups R1 and R2 (the latter is on India, Pakistan, Iran and southern central Asia limited ) it is possible that southern and western Asia are the source for the definition of R1 and R2.

Dissemination

The majority of the carrier are at the R haplogroup haplogroup R1, which is distinguished by markers M173. R1 is very common in Europe and western Eurasia. It is believed that its disclosure to the recolonization of northern Eurasia after the last ice age related. Its main subgroups are R1a ( SRY1532 ) and R1b ( M343 ). An isolated strain of Y chromosomes belonging to haplogroup apparently R1b1 * ( P25 ), was found in high concentration among the native population of northern Cameroon in west central Africa. It is believed that this constitutes a prehistoric back migration of an ancient proto- Eurasian population into Africa. Some researchers have also reported Haplogroup T Y chromosomes in low concentrations in some of these Cameroonian populations, which have a Eurasian similarity. Some Y- chromosomes that are apparently closely related to the Cameroonian R1b1 * chromosomes are found in high concentration among the modern population in Egypt. Many modern populations of northern Cameroon speak Chadian languages , which are classified as an old branch of the Afro - Asiatic language family. The extinct language of the ancient Egyptians Now also belonged to the same language family. Those whose Y-chromosome, all mutations in the internal nodes of the Y DNA tree having involving M207 (defined haplogroup R), but not the mutation M173 (defined haplogroup R1 ) nor the mutation M124 (defined haplogroup R2) have, are haplogroup R * allocated. Some cases of haplogroup R * have been found in samples of Australian Aborigines. Haplogroup R * was also observed in 10.3% (10/ 97) of a sample of Burusho and in 6.8 % (3/ 44) of a sample of Kalash in Northern Pakistan discovered.

Subgroups

The subgroups of haplogroup R with their distinctive mutation, according to their outline, published in 2010 by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy ( ISOGG ):

R
R1 ( M173/P241, M306/S1, P225, P231, P233, P234, P236, P238, P242, P245, P286, P294 ) R1a ( L62/M513, L63/M511, L145/M449, L146/M420 ) Typical of populations of Central and Eastern Europe, Central Asia and South Asia, with an average spread in Western Europe, Southwest Asia and Southern Siberia R1a1 ( L120/M516, L122/M448, M459, SRY1532.2/SRY10831.2 ) R1a1a (M17, M198, M417, M512, M514, M515 ) R1a1a1 ( M56 )
R1a1a2 ( M157 )
R1a1a3 ( M64.2, M87, M204 )
R1a1a4 ( P98 )
R1a1a5 ( PK5 )
R1a1a6 ( M434 )
R1a1a7 ( M458 ) R1a1a7a ( M334 )
R1a1a7b ( L260 )
R1a1a7

R1b1 ( P25, L278 ) R1b1a ( V88 ) is seen in association with the spread of Chadic languages (including Ancient Egyptian ). R1b1a1 (M18 )
R1b1a2 (V8)
R1b1a3 ( V35 ) R1b1a3a (V7)
R1b1a3

R1b1b1 ( M73)
R1b1b2 ( L265, M269, S3, S10, S13, S17 ) R1b1b2a ( L23/S141, L49, L150 ) R1b1b2a1 ( L51/S167 ) R1b1b2a1a ( L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128 ) R1b1b2a1a1 ( M405/S21/U106 ) R1b1b2a1a1a ( M467/S29/U198 )
R1b1b2a1a1b ( P107 )
R1b1b2a1a1c ( DYS439 (zero) / L1/S26 )
R1b1b2a1a1d ( L48/S162 ) R1b1b2a1a1d1 ( L47 ) R1b1b2a1a1d1a ( L44 ) R1b1b2a1a1d1a1 ( L45, L46, L164 )
R1b1b2a1a1d1a

R1b1b2a1a2a (M65 )
R1b1b2a1a2b ( M153 )
R1b1b2a1a2c ( M167/SRY2627 )
R1b1b2a1a2d ( S28/U152 ) R1b1b2a1a2d1 ( M126 )
R1b1b2a1a2d2 ( M160 )
R1b1b2a1a2d3 ( L2/S139 ) R1b1b2a1a2d3a ( L20/S144 )
R1b1b2a1a2d3

R1b1b2a1a2f1 ( M37 )
R1b1b2a1a2f2 ( M222/USP9Y 3636 )
R1b1b2a1a2f3 ( P66 )
R1b1b2a1a2f4 ( L226/S168 )
R1b1b2a1a2f5 ( L193/S176 )
R1b1b2a1a2f

R1

Haplogroup R1 determines the majority of haplogroup R in the form of its subgroups, R1a and R1b.

R1a

The highest concentrations of R1a (> 50 %) are found along the Eurasian Steppe: at the oiratisch - lingual (originally turksprachig ) Khoton, the Mongolian province of Uvs ( 82.5 %), Kyrgyz ( 68.9 %), the Ishkashimi (68 %), the Tajik population of Khojant ( 64%), the Sorbs ( 63.39 % ), in the Shors ( 58.8 % ), in Poland ( 56.4 % ) in the Teleuts ( 55.3 %), with Ukrainians ( 54.0 % ) in South Altaians (60.0 %) and in the far north of India under the Kashmir Pandits ( 72%).

R1a has been seen by individual researchers in the following historical context:

The return colonization of Eurasia from the refuge in the Ukraine at the end of the last ice age.
The expansion of the Kurgankultur of the Ponto - Caspian steppe, which was accompanied by the spread of Indo-European languages

R1b

Origin

The Y- Haplogroup R1b is an offshoot of R1 ( M173 ), and is distinguished by the M343 marker. The R1b strain appears to have a much higher degree of internal diversity / diversity than R1a, suggesting that the mutation M343, which R1b from R1 * severed, must be considerably earlier than the mutation occurred SRY1532 that R1a is different. The Genographic Project ( led by the National Geographic Society ), assumes that R1b in the Iberian peninsula was created as a refuge of the last ice age, from where the genes then spread out again. From this thesis, however, since been taken increasing distance, since the variance (eg, according to Barbara Arredi and colleagues) in Eurasia is much higher and decreases continuously to Western Europe through, but at the same time increases the amount of SNP. This suggests that the Iberian population is much younger. Here also the supposedly ancient Basque R1b population is no exception. It is now thought increasingly assuming these are the Western Europeans in no case older than 10,000 years and before that time lived either in Africa or in Asia. From African scientists the theory was expressed that the West Europeans were staying in the then fertile Sahara and migrated by the drying up of the Sahara across the Mediterranean to southern Europe. This is supported by the V88 subclade clearly linked to the spread of Chadic languages is connected (including the ancient Egyptian ). At least in the new kingdom of Egypt was R1b present there. Russian scientists are of the opinion, however, the R1b spread from Altai and originally used a Turkic language. Close R1b as the winner of the IE proto-language. However, this hypothesis contradicts the existence of ancient R * and R1 * in Eastern Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan and India, albeit in small quantities. The question as R1b therefore came exactly to Europe, therefore, is still unresolved.

Today's distribution

In Europe, R1b is ( with the subgroups R1b1 and R1b3, formerly named Hg1 and EU18 ), the most common Y- haplogroup. The concentration achieved in parts of northwestern Ireland 98%; in northern and western England, Spain, Portugal and Ireland to 90% and in southeastern England and the Netherlands about 70 %. In addition, R1b is present in some parts of Algeria with about 10%.

R2

90 % of the R2 carriers are found on the Indian subcontinent. It was also discovered in the Caucasus and Central Asia.

R2 ( M124 ) was created about 25,000 years ago in south-central Asia. His carrier migrated southward as part of the second great wave of emigration to India. The almost exclusive existence of R2 in India could also mean that the branch of R in R1 and in R2 occurred in Central India and in the West Indies.

375265