Haplogroup N-M231

Haplogroup N is a human genetics Haplogroup of the Y chromosome. The omission of the marker B2/B3 in the AZFc region of the human Y chromosome is a peculiarity of haplogroup N. However, this omission seems independent on four separate occasions to have occurred from one another. Consequently, this omission should not be interpreted as a single event in the development of this haplogroup, which helps to distinguish this branch of haplogroup tree.

Origin

Haplogroup N is derived from the initial group NO. This is probably about 15-20,000 years ago, that arose during the Ice Age, in Southeast Asia. N then spread over the Eurasian landmass to the north and west. Some theories assume that it might have been in the media for members of the Uralic language group.

One characteristic of Haplogroup N is the b1/b3-Deletion in the AZFc region of the Y chromosome. Apparently, this deletion is, however, arose from each other four times independently. For this reason, the deletion should not be regarded as a unique event polymorphism, which can be used on the Y-chromosome family tree for the definition of this section.

The subgroup N1c1 * probably originated during the late Pleistocene (about 10,000 years ago ) in southern Siberia. From there, the spread took place 8,000-10,000 years ago in Europe. N1c1 * has a higher concentration than in Siberia in Eastern Europe and reaches frequencies of up to 60 % in Finland and 40 % in Latvia and Lithuania.

Subgroups

The subgroups of haplogroup N with their distinctive mutation, according to the 2008 YCC family tree:

  • N ( M231 ) N *
  • N1 ( LLY22g ) N1 *, found in significant quantities with the speakers of Sino Tibetan languages; also found in small numbers in Altaianern, Japanese, Korean, Manchu, Evenki Manchurian, Xibe, Uyghur and Vietnamese
  • N1a ( M128 ), found in low numbers in Manchu, Xibe Manschurischen Evenki, Koreans, northern Han Chinese, Buyei and some Turkic peoples in Central Asia
  • N1b ( P43 ): typical of Samoyedic peoples; also found in low to medium concentration at Uraliern, Turkic, Mongolian, Tungusic peoples, and Siberian Eskimos N1b *
  • N1b1 ( P63 )
  • N1c *
  • N1c1 ( M178 ) N1c1 *
  • N1c1a ( P21 )
  • N1c1b ( P67 )
  • N1c1c ( P119 )
  • N1c1d ( L708 ): typical of seeds and Europeans

Today's distribution

Today we find the haplogroup N in the entire northern Eurasia. Possible major output regions are northern China and Mongolia today. Of these regions may have taken place in deep prehistory migrations to Siberia and finally to the Baltic states. The dominant N1c branch (old name N3 ) is widespread in Siberia and the north-eastern Europe. Is also found at the furthest westerly populations of N1c the highest concentration in Finns, Latvians and Lithuanians. Even the old-Prussian population of East Prussia might have had a high proportion of N1c. The N1b - branch whose area of ​​distribution lies largely within the area of N1c, shows two main clusters: one in the Ural - Volga region and a second located further east. The less frequent N1a branch shows a wide distribution in Asia, with small concentrations in Kazakhstan, Korea and China. Members of the undifferentiated N * group are widespread, with low concentrations in Cambodia and southern China. Very low concentrations of the haplogroup N were also found in other Eastern Europe and Anatolia.

Nenets people Japanese people Manchu people Bouyei people Early human migrations Y-chromosomal Adam Macro-haplogroup A(X-BT) Haplogroup B-M60 Haplogroup D-M174 Haplogroup E-M96 Haplogroup C-M130 Haplogroup F-M89 Haplogroup G-M201 Haplogroup H-M69 Haplogroup I-M170 Haplogroup J-P209 Haplogroup K-M9 Haplogroup L-M20 Haplogroup T-M184 Haplogroup S-M230 Haplogroup M-P256 Haplogroup P-M45 Haplogroup Q-M242 Haplogroup O-M175
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