Crassulaceae
Magnificent Stonecrop ( Hylotelephium spectabile )
The Crassulaceae ( Crassulaceae ) form a family that belongs to the order of the saxifrage -like ( Saxifragales ). The plants of this family are to be stored in a position in their thick leaves and water so relatively unrivaled to survive in dry places. They thus belong to the leaf succulents and belong to the CAM plants. Some species are used as ornamental plants and some species the medical effects have been investigated.
- 2.1 dissemination
- 2.2 Outer systematics
- 2.3 Internal systematics
- 4.1 Literature
- 4.2 Notes and references
Description
Habit and foliage leaves
They are mostly evergreen, one-, two-year to perennial herbaceous plants or woody plants that grow as shrubs or subshrubs either. Most species are succulent plants with fleshy often shoot axes.
The leaves are alternate, opposite or in whorls, distributed in basal rosettes or to the stem axis. Mostly, the fleshy leaves are simple. The leaf margins may be smooth, lobed or serrated. The stomata are usually anisocytisch. There are no stipules present.
Inflorescences and flowers
The flowers are sometimes singly or usually in a terminal or pendent, zymösen, paniculate, aged men, racemose inflorescences together. The flowers are usually hermaphroditic; in a few Rhodiola species the flowers are rarely unisexual, then the species is dioecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( dioecious ). It is a flower cup ( hypanthium ) available. The radial symmetry flowers are usually four to sechszählig ( three - to 30 - trifoliate ); So there are the same number of sepals, Kron, carpels and stamens each stamen circle each, usually four to six ( three to 30) available. The most long-lasting sepals are fused at their base at most. The petals can be grown free or partly to a short tube. There are one or two groups each having three to 30 stamens present. The two-celled pollen grains usually have three apertures and are usually colporat. The upper permanent or semi- permanent under carpels are not fused at the base or something. The carpel are in submarginaler placentation rarely one to five, usually up to fifty hanging, anatrope, bitegmische, crassinucellate or tenuinucellate ovules available. Are fitted with a nectar scale on or near the carpels. The free pen each terminating in a capitate stigma. Pollination is by insects ( entomophily ).
Fruit and seeds
The membranous or leathery follicles are free or fused at the base, erect or spreading and contain one to many seeds. In some taxa are the follicles in aggregate fruits ( Synkarp ), grown even capsule- shaped fruit with Diamorpha. The brownish, small, thread-like ellipsoidal seeds contain more than a little oily endosperm and a straight embryo.
Ingredients and chromosome numbers
Often alkaloids ( pyrrolidine and piperidine alkaloids ) present. Proanthocyanidins ( cyanidin and / or delphinidin ) or flavonols ( kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin ) or saponins may be present. Frequently tannins are present. As a reserve substance sedoheptulose is formed.
The chromosome numbers usually accounting for n = 4-22.
Systematics and distribution
Dissemination
Crassulaceae are except Antarctica found on all continents. However, most species occur in arid areas.
Outer systematics
Within the order of Saxifragales form the Crassulaceae with the Aphanopetalaceae, Haloragaceae, Penthoraceae and Tetracarpaeaceae a clade.
Inside systematics
The first publication of the family name in 1805 by Jean Henri Jaume Saint- Hilaire in exposure of Familles Naturelles, Volume 2, page 123 The type genus is Crassula L.. Synonyms of the family are Cotyledonaceae Martynov, Rhodiolaceae Martynov, Sedaceae Martynov, Sempervivaceae A.Juss. and Tillaeaceae Martynov.
Since the drying of succulent plants is difficult, the appearance of herbarium specimens and living plants can vary often strong; which makes it difficult to work with herbarium material and thus the delimitation of species and higher taxa. Such was and is the taxonomy of the Crassulaceae highly debated. Alwin Berger divided the family into six subfamilies 1930, Henk 't Hart 1995 reduced this to two subfamilies. Recent phylogenetic studies have led to a subdivision of the family into three subfamilies and five tribes, which presents itself as follows:
Telephieae
Umbiliceae
Semperviveae
Aeonieae
Sedeae
Kalanchoideae
Crassuloideae
The Crassulaceae family consists of the following genera:
- Subfamily Semper Vivo ideae Arn. Tribus Telephieae ( 't Hart ) H.Ohba & Thiede Sinocrassula A. Berger, with two to seven species found in Asia
- Kungia KTFu, with two species in China ( = Orostachys sect. Schoenlandia H.Ohba )
- Meterostachys Nakai (also to Orostachys provided), with the only kind in Japan and South Korea: Meterostachys sikokianus ( Makino ) Nakai
- Umbilicus DC.
- Pseudosedum A. Berger, with about four to ten species in Central Asia
- Rhodiola L.
- Sempervivum L. ( Houseleeks )
- Petrosedum Grulich ( = Sedum ser. Rupestria A. Berger)
- Pistorinia DC.
- Rosularia ( DC.) Stapf
- Prometheum ( A.Berger ) H.Ohba
- Afrovivella A.Berger Afrovivella semiensis ( J.Gay ex A.Rich. ) A.Berger
- Subfamily Kalanchoideae A.Berger Adromischus Lem.
- Cotyledon L.
- Kalanchoe Adans.
- Tylecodon Toelken
- Subfamily Crassuloideae Burnett Crassula L. ( Crassula )
The systematic position of the genus Perrierosedum ( A.Berger ) H.Ohba is uncertain. You may connect the African Kalanchoideae with Asian Telephieae. The formerly independent genus Cremnophila Rose was integrated into the genus Sedum.
In addition, the following hybrid genera exist:
- × Cremnadia C.H.Uhl
- × Cremneria Moran
- × Cremnopetalum
- × Cremnosedum Kimnach & G.Lyons
- × Cremsonella C.H.Uhl
- × Dudleveria G.D.Rowley
- × Grapsonella G.D.Rowley
- × Graptoladia C.H.Uhl
- × Graptophytum
- × Graptosedum G.D.Rowley
- × Graptoveria G.D.Rowley
- × Lenaptopetalum G.D.Rowley
- × Lenophytum C.H.Uhl
- × Lenoveria C.H.Uhl
- × Pachyladia C.H.Uhl
- × Pachysedum H.Jacobsen
- × Pachyveria Haage & Schmidt
- × Sedadia Moran
- × Sedeveria E.Walther
- × Thompsophytum C.H.Uhl
- × Thompsosedum C.H.Uhl
- × Thompsoveria C.H.Uhl
- × Villeveria C.H.Uhl
Use
From the rock - herb navel (umbilicus rupestris ), the leaves can be eaten raw or cooked, and the medical effect was investigated. Some Dudleya species, the leaves can be eaten raw. Some Rhodiola species, at least the leaves, sometimes other parts of the plant can be eaten raw and cooked. The medical effect of Orostachys japonica was examined. Sedum species are used in many ways: they serve as an ornamental plant and spice plant, leaves can be eaten raw or cooked and medical effects were investigated. Many species from several genera are used as ornamental plants for parks, gardens and spaces.
Swell
- The Crassulaceae in APWebsite family. (English )
- The Crassulaceae family at DELTA. (English )
- Kunjun Fu, Hideaki Ohba & Michael G. Gilbert: Crassulaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 8, page 202: Online.
- Reid V. Moran: Crassulaceae in the Flora of North America, Volume 8, page 147: Online.