Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe laciniata on panel 100 of Historia Plantarum Candolle Succulentarum ( Volume 2, 1802)
Kalanchoe is a genus of flowering plants in the family Crassulaceae ( Crassulaceae ). It is divided into the two sections and Kalanchoe bryophyllum. These succulent plants are common in the tropical areas of Africa and Asia. In many species of domestic exclusively on Madagascar Bryophyllum section of the edges of the leaves, but also on the inflorescence, leaf buds.
The best known representatives of the genus are the Flaming Katy and the Goethe- plant.
- 7.1 Literature
- 7.2 Notes and references
- 7.3 first descriptions since 2003
Description
Vegetative characteristics
The species of the genus Kalanchoe are rarely two - or one-year, mostly perennial succulent plants, rarely are subshrubs to shrubs, sometimes small trees. They grow mostly terrestrial, rarely epiphytic also. The roots are fibrous, often thickened or bulbous. The fleshy, sometimes towards the base woody stem axis are generally erect or often branched decumbent and usually.
The usually decussate, sometimes alternate or whorled, rarely hinted rosettes arranged leaves are petiolate to sessile, persistent or deciduous. The petioles are more or less wide amplexicaul. The simple or compound leaves are sometimes from its base up to the top in size and shape, more or less variable. When the leaves are composed, they consist of three part leaves are pinnate or ( then part with five leaves). The fleshy succulent leaf blade is usually flat or rarely somewhat terete. The leaf margins are usually notched, serrated or toothed, rarely smooth. Some species form leaf buds along the leaf margins. Stipules absent.
Inflorescences and flowers
The terminal, rarely axillary, few - to Vielblütige inflorescence is schirmrispig, zymös to paniculate, sometimes thyrsoid and contributes in some species brood buds. An inflorescence stalk is usually present. It is often a gradual transition from below foliage leaves to smaller and smaller bracts.
The stalked flowers are upright or inverted and often mixed in the inflorescence with splayed. The hermaphrodite flowers are cruciform. The four sepals are free, grown back more or less to the base, or form a long, sometimes slightly inflated, tube with shorter lobes. The cup is shorter than or sometimes equal in length to the corolla tube. The four usually brightly colored petals are fused into a more or less long corolla tube, which ends with erect, spreading or recurved suddenly, shorter corolla lobes. There are two circles, each with four stamens present, or not protrude slightly from the corolla tube. The stamens are attached from the bottom to the top of the corolla tube at different heights. The four carpels are free to basally fused and some have free Nektarschüppchen. The stylus is shorter or longer than the carpels. The scar is capitate.
Fruit and seeds
The bloom caused four upright follicles. The follicles contain numerous tiny, usually ridged, ribbed or finely wrinkled seeds.
Ingredients and physiology
At least some Kalanchoe species are poisonous. African species present in small amounts bufadienolides and Cotyledontoxin. This results in animals for Cotyledonosis or Krimpsiekrankheit ( spastic contraction of the muscles and neurological symptoms). The ornamental plant Kalanchoe blossfeldiana is always associated with poisoning.
Kalanchoe are short day plants, thus form only under short day flowers. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana is a common object of study.
Kalanchoe are facultative CAM plants, they bind the carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis at night in the form of organic acids, which during the day they release them again. In this way they limit transpiration. This diurnal acid rhythm (CAM ) is subject to an "internal clock " ( circadian rhythm ). In Kalanchoe blossfeldiana CAM is triggered by short-day conditions, under long days she performs normal C3 photosynthesis.
Dissemination
The species of the genus Kalanchoe are in Madagascar, distributed in eastern and southern Africa, in the tropical areas of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, in Southeast Asia and the tropical areas of Asia.
Etymology and systematics
For the origin of the botanical name Kalanchoe There are two explanations. The first assumes that the genus by one of its species (possibly Kalanchoe spathulata ) and its Chinese name伽蓝 菜/伽蓝 菜, jiāláncài was Cantonese ga Salaam - choi named. A second explanation derives the name from the ancient Indian words Kalanka for stain, rust and chaya.
The taxonomic classification of the genus Kalanchoe is problematic and not yet completed. A modern monograph of the genus Kalanchoe missing. The genus is divided into two sections Kalanchoe and Bryophyllum (including former section Kitchingia ). Not all species of the genus, however, can be clearly assigned to one of the two sections.
The species of section Kalanchoe flowers are normally upright and not upside down. The sepals are fused only at the base. The stamens are attached at or above the middle of the corolla tube. In the section Bryophyllum the flowers are pendulous. The sepals are more or less fused. The calyx is tubular or broadly bell-shaped. The stamens are attached below the middle of the corolla tube. In many species carry the leaves, but also the inflorescence, leaf buds.
As lectotype of the genus Kalanchoe laciniata has been selected. Kalanchoe is monophyletic.
After Bernard M. Descoings the genus Kalanchoe includes the following types:
- Kalanchoe alticola Compton
- Kalanchoe angustifolia A.Rich.
- Kalanchoe annamica Gagnep.
- Kalanchoe arborescens Humbert
- Kalanchoe aubrevillei Raym. - Hamet ex Cufod.
- Kalanchoe ballyi Raym. - Hamet ex Cufod.
- Kalanchoe beharensis Drake
- Kalanchoe bentii C.H.Wright ex Hook.f. Kalanchoe bentii subsp. bentii
- Kalanchoe bentii supsp. somalica Cufod.
- Kalanchoe deficiens var deficiens Asch. & Schweinf.
- Kalanchoe deficiens glabra var Raadts
- Kalanchoe densiflora var densiflora Rolfe
- Kalanchoe densiflora var minor Raadts
- Kalanchoe luciae subsp. luciae Raym. - Hamet
- Kalanchoe luciae subsp. montana ( Compton ) Toelken
- Kalanchoe nyikae subsp. nyikae Engl
- Kalanchoe nyikae subsp. auriculata Raadts
- Kalanchoe petitiana var petitiana A.Rich.
- Kalanchoe petitiana var neumannii ( Engl ) Cufod.
- Kalanchoe velutina subsp. velutina Welw. ex Oliv.
- Kalanchoe velutina subsp. chimanimanensis R.Fern.
- Kalanchoe velutina subsp. dangeardii ( Raym. - Hamet ) R.Fern.
- Kalanchoe adelae Raym. - Hamet
- Kalanchoe ambolensis Humbert
- Kalanchoe beauverdii Raym. - Hamet
- Kalanchoe bergeri Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe bogneri roughness
- Kalanchoe bouvetii Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe campanulata ( Baker) Baill.
- Kalanchoe curvula Desc.
- Kalanchoe cymbifolia Desc.
- Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe delagoensis Eckl. & Zeyh.
- Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe gas tonis - bonnieri Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe germanae Raym. - Hamet ex Raadts
- Kalanchoe laetivirens Desc.
- Kalanchoe laxiflora Baker
- Kalanchoe macrochlamys H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe manginii Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe marnieriana H.Jacobsen
- Kalanchoe miniata Hils. & Boii ex Tul.
- Kalanchoe pinnata ( Lam. ) Pers.
- Kalanchoe poincarei Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe prolifera ( Bowie ex Hook. ) Raym. - Hamet
- Kalanchoe pseudocampanulata Mannoni & Boiteau
- Kalanchoe pubescens Baker
- Kalanchoe rolandi - bonapartei Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe rosei Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe rubella ( Baker) Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe sanctula Desc.
- Kalanchoe schizophylla ( Baker) Baill.
- Kalanchoe serrata Mannoni & Boiteau
- Kalanchoe streptantha Baker
- Kalanchoe suarezensis H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe uniflora ( Stapf ) Raym. - Hamet
- Kalanchoe waldheimii Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe alternans pers. Kalanchoe alternans var alternans pers.
- Kalanchoe alternans var lanceolata Raadts
- Kalanchoe aromatica var aromatica H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe aromatica var brevicorolla Boiteau
- Kalanchoe jongmansii subsp. jongmansii Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe jongmansii subsp. ivohibensis Humbert
Since 2003, the following taxa were described as new:
- Kalanchoe antennifera Desc. [N 1]
- Kalanchoe bracteata var virescens Desc. [ N 2]
- Kalanchoe ceratophylla var indochinensis H.Ohba [N 3]
- Kalanchoe grandidieri var itampolensis Desc. [N 4]
- Kalanchoe humifica Desc. [N 5]
- Kalanchoe inaurata Desc. [N 6]
- Kalanchoe maromokotrensis Desc. & Rebmann [N 7]
- Kalanchoe pareikiana Desc. & Lavranos [N 8]
- Kalanchoe Peltigera Desc. [N 9]
- Kalanchoe rebmannii Desc. [N 10]
- Kalanchoe spathulata var baguioensis H.Ohba [N 11]
- Kalanchoe spathulata var simlensis H.Ohba [N 12]
- Kalanchoe spathulata var staintonii H.Ohba [N 13]
- Kalanchoe tenuiflora Desc. [N 14]
Hybrids
- Kalanchoe × cantabrigiensis Hort. ex Guillaumin Culture hybrids with unknown parents
- Kalanchoe × ena Hort. ex N.Schneider Garden hybrid between Kalanchoe grandiflora and Kalanchoe glaucescens
- Kalanchoe × felthamensis hort. Veitch ex Mottet Culture hybrids between Kalanchoe Kalanchoe flammea and kirkii
- Kalanchoe × flaurantia Desc. [N 15] Kalanchoe Kalanchoe bracteata and hybrids between orgyalis
- Kalanchoe × houghtonii D.B.Ward [ N 16 ] Kalanchoe Kalanchoe daigremontiana and hybrids between delagoensis
- Kalanchoe × kewensis Dyer Garden hybrid between Kalanchoe Kalanchoe flammea and bentii
- Kalanchoe × lokarana Desc. [N 17] Hybrids between Kalanchoe laxiflora and an indefinite Kalanchoe species
- Kalanchoe × richaudii Desc. [N 18] Hybrids between Kalanchoe Kalanchoe rosei and delagoensis
- Kalanchoe × vadensis Boom & Zeilinga Culture hybrids between Kalanchoe Kalanchoe grandiflora and blossfeldiana
Synonyms Synonyms of the genus are Crassuvia Comm. ex Lam. (1786 ), Vereia Andrews ( 1798), Verea Willd. (1799, nom. Inval. ICBN article 61.1 ), Calanchoe pers. (1805, nom. Inval. ICBN article 61.1 ), Bryophyllum Salisb. (1806 ), kalenchoe Haw. (1819, nom. Inval. ICBN article 61.1 ), Physocalycium Vestv (1820, nom. Illeg. ICBN article 52.1), Baumgartenia Tratinnick (1821, nom. Illeg. ICBN article 52.1), Crassouvia Comm. ex DC. (1828, nom. Inval. ICBN article 61.1 ), Meristostylus Klotzsch (1861 ), Kitchingia Baker ( 1881) and Geaya Costantin & Poiss. (1908 ).
Botanical history
The oldest description of a species of the genus published Leonard Plukenet 1696 in his work Almagestum Botanicum under the name Telephium Africanum.
The genus was erected in 1763 by Michel Adanson and belongs to his family Seda (Les Joubarbes ). Adanson did not advance any species, but referred to the description of Cotyledon afra by Herman Boerhaave and Tsjaccarbebe by Georg Eberhard Rumpf. John Burman, the hull Herbarium Amboinenses edited, arranged the type cotyledon foliis laciniatis to. Under this designation, Linnaeus had describe the type 1737 in the Hortus Cliffortianus. In Species Plantarum Linnaeus gave her then the binary name Cotyledon laciniata.
Richard Anthony Salisbury wrote in 1805 the first description of Bryophyllum calycinum (now a synonym for Kalanchoe pinnata ) and presented at the same time the new genus Bryophyllum on. 1881 finally was still by John Gilbert Baker the genus Kitchingia, which is named after Langley Kitching ( 1835-1910 ), set up.
Pierre Octave Mannoni Boiteau and combined 1948/49, the genera Bryophyllum and Kalanchoe Kitchingia with and gave them according to the rules of nomenclature, the rank of the sections.
Alwin Berger and August Theodor Harms, however, held in 1930 in its treatment of the family of the Crassulaceae for Adolf Engler The natural plant families the status of Bryophyllum and Kitchingia as separate genera upright.
The question of whether Bryophyllum and Kalanchoe represent two distinct genera, has not been well established.
Use
Kalanchoe spathulata is regarded in India as a remedy for cholera and has a strong laxative. In Madagascar, Kalanchoe prolifera used against rheumatism. For horticulture is Kalanchoe blossfeldiana of importance were bred by the numerous varieties.
Endangering
Are data on the risk for just two species. Kalanchoe farinacea is on the Red List of Threatened Species IUCN as "Least Concern ( LC) ," ie, classified as not at risk. Kalanchoe robusta is true, however, as " Vulnerable (VU) ", ie as potentially at risk. Both species are endemic to Socotra.