Figure skating jumps
Jumps (English jumps or figure skatings jumps ) are figure skating elements in which the figure skater takes off from the ice surface and turns in the air around its own axis. There are six basic jumps, but you can make over a hundred others which are ultimately derived from the basic jumps. Jumps can be performed with single, double, triple and even quadruple rotation.
- 6.1 " Gemogelte " jumps
- 7.1 Chronology of Anchor Development
Directions of rotation
Most skaters rotate at the jumps and spins to the left. However, there are some who turn to the right. Few skaters can perform jumps in both directions of rotation.
- The Englishman John Curry dominated the simple Axel in both directions of rotation.
- The Canadian Donald Jackson showed at the World Cup 1962 in Prague even the double Axel in both directions.
For simplicity, all the jumps are usually described as " left- turners ."
Phases of a jump
Characteristic features of a properly conducted are jump intensity, ie height and speed, and its consequent jump length.
A jump consists of five phases:
The jump combinations distinction is eight phases: running, jumping, rotation, landing and exit from the first jump, jump, spin, landing and exit from the second jump.
5.Ausgleiten
Distribution of jumps
Jumps can be divided according to the following indicators:
1 according to the four basic figures in the mandatory course
If there are jumps without rotation:
2 according to the edges
3 while the jump is possible
4 landing is possible
5 after rotation
By combining these options over 130 different jumps can be performed.
Jump elements
For a step element is called:
- A single jump ( engl. individual jump)
- A thrown jump (german throw ) in the pairs figure skating
- A hopping sequence ( engl. jump sequence)
- A jump combination (also jump combination )
Single jumps
Single jumps are carried out both in a single run and pair skating. Today's world class in men's competitions already requires quadruple jumps ( to date there are toe loop, Salchow and flip ); in the women's triple jumps are required. However, some women are already beginning to show quadruple jumps.
There are six basic jumps. All six are landed backwards away, but have different inlet and jump phase, after which one can distinguish them.
The following descriptions apply to "ordinary" figure skaters that rotate to the left; for those who turn to the right, the provisions in mirror image.
A variation is the Tano jump at the figure skater stretches his arm above his head. This makes it much more difficult than a "normal" jump. The name was given this variation under California skaters Brian Boitano, who jumped first a triple lutz with raised arm.
Connection jumps
There are a number of other jumps, which are usually carried out by a simple rotation, and are generally used as connecting elements in the hopping sequences. These include, for example:
- Euler - Start-up and take-off with the right foot backward away, after a rotation landing backwards inward on the left leg (or mirror image).
- Triple jump (german roll jump or three- jump) - The simplest of all jumps has only half a revolution and is therefore also called cadets jump. With a triple by first turning from forward to reverse and then placed on the left leg forward away to. the jump takes place similar to Axel from the left outer edge the free leg swings from back to front. In the air it passes through a half-turn and lands back on the right leg.
- Walley one runs right away backward, and skip backwards with your right foot inward after a short snake bow down, after a rotation you end up away on the take-off leg. Another variant is a typed Walley.
- Half - Rittberger similar to Rittberger. Its name refers to a half - jump, but in reality it performs a full circle is. In contrast to Rittberger you end up not away on the right foot, but backwards inward on the left foot. Often it's used as a connecting jump when the figure skater wants to attach a Salchow or flip at the end of a jump combination.
- Leap - Is any spring, in which, after a half-twist legs in the air spread (up in the splits position) or legs away.
Thrown jumps
One throw jump (german throw ) is running a few specific element. The lady performs a normal jump, while the man an extra "push" are you in the jump. For a thrown jump the height and length of the jump is characteristic. The names of the cast jumps are derived from the single jumps: throw Axel, throw -Lutz, Throw Salchow, throw - toe loop. In the competitions they are carried out in duplicate or triplicate.
Hopping sequences
A jump sequence ( engl. jump sequence) consists of at least two jumps, between which a change of foot takes place or rotations are performed.
- Hopping sequences were a specialty of the German figure skater Marina Kiel man. She led hopping sequences with five or six jumps by ( single or double).
Jump combinations
A jump combination (also jump combination ) consists of at least two jumps that follow immediately after each other. The second jump is jumped from the same edge, on the first jump landed ( ie there are no turns or change of foot between jumps ).
Number of jumps
The number of jumps, jump combinations and jump sequences is determined in both the short program and in the free skate by the ISU judging system for figure skating and ice dancing:
- In the short program (single skating, pair skating ) limits the number of jumps, jump sequences and combinations;
- In the long program by the so-called well balanced program recommended ( single skating, pair skating )
Errors and Review
Each jump element has its own default value. For example, a four-time Toeloop the primitive value of 10.3, a triple Axel 8.5, a triple Lutz 6, a triple flip 5.3, a triple Rittberger 5.1, a triple Salchow 4.2, a triple toe loop 4, 1 and a double Axel 3.3. The judges then arrange the quality of the jump element within the range of 3 to -3. For every error, there is a corresponding deduction.
As errors are:
- Landing on both feet;
- Störlandung, in which the skaters touched the ice with the free foot or hand or the rotation on the ice ( and not in the air ) ended;
- A " gemogelter " jump, in which the rotation is completed on the ice;
- A fall;
- Performing a forbidden jump out (are forbidden all somersault jumps );
- Implementation of more jumps, jump sequences and combinations than allowed.
" Gemogelte " jumps
Actually, it would not give them. Nevertheless, you will find skaters, the "cheat " a jump, either because they do not know the difficulty, or because they have their run- calculated bad, or because they have acquired during training bad habits ( blunted bounce, Coiled jump, incomplete rotations, unsafe landing).
An example: From this respect Lutz is perhaps the diskutabelste jump.
Lutz
" Gemogelter " Lutz
The inventors
Four of the six basic jumps are named after their inventor. They are:
- Axel - the oldest jump, according to the Norwegian Axel Paulsen named;
- Salchow ( jump) - after Sweden Ulrich Salchow;
- Rittberger - known in the German Werner Rittberger, overseas as a loop;
- Lutz - by the Austrian Alois Lutz;
- Flip - was probably derived from the Lutz and is probably Bruce Mapes attributable to the 1920s;
- Toe loop - is actually a " typed " Rittberger; been invented in the 1920s by Bruce Mapes, an American figure skater.