Bromelioideae

Pineapple (Ananas ), pineapple plant with almost ripe fruit.

The Bromelioideae are a subfamily of the plant family Bromeliaceae ( Bromeliaceae ). The botanical name honors the Swedish physician and botanist Olaf Bromel ( 1639-1705 ).

  • 5.1 Notes and references

Dissemination

The natural range of Bromelioideae is subtropical to tropical New World from northern Central America and the Caribbean down to Argentina. With a center of biodiversity in southeastern Brazil, particularly in the Atlantic rainforest.

Use

Known representative is probably the pineapple with its delicious fruit. Another useful plant from the family is the faserliefernde curauá (Ananas lucidus Miller). Plants of the genus Bromelia be used as living fences.

Description

Habit and foliage leaves

There are mesophytic to xerophytic evergreen perennial herbaceous plants. Many types of Bromelioideae grow as epiphytes. But there are also some species, such as the genera Ananas, Bromelia and Ochagavia that grow on the ground, ie terrestrial or on rock, so lithophytic. Often the root system is well developed, but in the epiphytic species slightly less. Many of the species are funnel bromeliads, they collect water in their leaf rosettes. The Stems are usually compressed. They form renewal buds Kindel for vegetative propagation.

The alternate and arranged in basal rosettes leaves are divided into leaf sheath and leaf blade, without petiole. Typical is the reinforced, toothed or serrated leaf edge.

Inflorescences and flowers

The inflorescence axes can form long Blütenstandsschäfte or compressed ( most evident in all Neoregelia species) be. The terminal, differently constructed inflorescences are often striking with often intensely colored bracts.

The threefold flowers are more or less radial symmetry and almost always hermaphroditic, except for Androlepis. There is a double perianth present. Of the three sepals is often a different shape, it is called asymmetrical sepals. The three petals are often free, except in the genera Cryptanthus, Greigia, Neoregelia and Nidularium. There are two circles, each with three stamens present. The three carpels are fused to an inferior ovary.

The flowers formula is:

Fruit and seeds

Bromelioideae differ from all other taxa of the family through the berries and the always wingless seeds.

Is distributed through the birds - rarely by other animals. The berries often have very flashy colors (often bluish tones) at maturity. The berries are eaten by birds, and the moist seeds are then excreted undigested. In the genus Ananas and Acanthostachys a composite of many berry fruit is (collective Fruchtstand = Synkarpium ).

Metabolism

It has been demonstrated, depending on the type C3 or CAM photosynthesis pathways. The Saugschuppen ( trichomes ) on the leaf surfaces favor a water and nutrient uptake via the leaves.

System

Phylogenetic relationships of the genera within the subfamily Bromelioideae are the subject of current scientific studies. It was found that Bromelia is a sister group to all other genera. The genera Deinacanthon, Greigia, Ochagavia, Fascicularia and Fernseea form a clade. The genera Aechmea and Quesnelia are polyphyletic and are probably divided into future work in several genres .. The polyphyletic genus Aechmea sure is divided into several sub- genres, which are assigned in some scientific work of the rank of genera; multiple individual genera were spun off and incorporated, but a revision of this entire kinship group was not in the last decades. Therefore, only the supernatant after Luther here are represented in 2008 with a very large genus Aechmea sl that contains the types of proposed genera such Chevaliera and Streptocalyx.

The following list gives the genres of Bromelioideae with each of the number of species within the genus. There are about 31 to 35 genera with about (600 to ) 800 species (as Luther, 2008):

  • Acanthostachys Klotzsch: With only two species.
  • Aechmea Ruiz & Pav: with 182-300 species, Gene sequences show that Aechmea in its current form is not a natural group, and a revision is required ( Horres 2003, Schulte et al 2009. ).
  • Pineapple Mill: With seven species, including A. ananassoides, A. bracteatus, A. comosus, A. fritzmuelleri, A. lucidus, A. nanus, A. parguazensis ( Luther 2010) with pineapple (A. comosus ).
  • Androlepis Brongn. ex Houllet, with only one type: Androlepis skinneri ( K.Koch ) Brongniart ex Houllet; Home: Guatemala
  • Deinacanthon urbanianum ( Mez ) Mez
  • Eduandrea selloana ( Baker) Leme, W.Till, GKBrown, JRGrant & Govaerts ( Syn: Andrea selloana ( Baker) Mez )
  • Hohenbergiopsis guatemalensis ( L.B.Sm. ) L.B.Sm. & Read
  • Pseudaechmea ambigua L.B.Sm. & Read
  • Pseudananas sagenarius ( Arruda da Camara ) Camargo

There are also intergeneric hybrids Examples: × Hohenmea itaipuana BRSilva & LFSousa from Hohenbergia and Aechmea, several × Niduregelia from Nidularium and Neoregelia.

Swell

  • The Bromeliaceae family in APWebsite ( section systematics)
  • Harry E. Luther: An Alphabetical List of Bromeliad Binomials, 2008 The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Sarasota, Florida, USA. Published by The Bromeliad Society International.
  • Harry E. Luther: An Alphabetical List of Bromeliad Binomials, 2010 in The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Sarasota, Florida, USA. Published by The Bromeliad Society International.
  • Jason R. Grant On annoted Catalogue of the Generic Names of the Bromeliaceae, In: The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, 1998 (origin of the genus name in the family of Bromeliaceae in English).
  • The Bromeliaceae at DELTA of L.Watson and MJDallwitz family.
  • Werner Rauh: Bromeliads - Tillandsias and other cultural worthy bromeliads, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8001-6371-3
  • Katharina Schulte, Michael H. J. Barefoot & Georg Zizka: Phylogeny of Bromelioideae ( Bromeliaceae ) inferred from nuclear and plastid DNA loci Reveals the evolution of the tank habit within the subfamily, in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, in press, 2009: Online. (PDF; 820 kB)
  • David John Mabberley: The Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants. Cambridge University Press 1987. ISBN 0-521-34060-8
Gilbert Thomas Burnett West Indies Ovary (botany) Billbergia Portea Araeococcus Canistropsis Canistrum Edmundoa Lymania Orthophytum Ronnbergia Digital Object Identifier
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