Red–green alliance
Under a red-green (short: red-green ) or red-green coalition (in short: green-red ) means a coalition government between a social democratic / socialist and green party.
In Germany therefore is a coalition between the SPD and Alliance 90/The Greens party (or its predecessor party, the Greens ) meant, in Austria, a coalition of Social Democrats and Greens. In Norway, the coalition of Arbeiderpartiet, the Sosialistisk Venstreparti and Senterpartiet is called red-green coalition.
- 3.1 Vienna
- 3.2 Carinthia
Terms
The "color" of each major coalition partner is according to common usage in terms of party coalitions called in the first place, the minor or the minor partner below. It follows that in a red-green coalition - in the narrow sense - always the social democratic or socialist party one votes or majority mandate and therefore usually held the lead in this coalition. In the opposite case, in which the Green Party has a greater weight, is spoken analogue of a " red-green " coalition
Germany
Federal level
At the federal level, ruled jointly by SPD and the Greens 1998 until 2005. Among Chancellor Gerhard Schröder introduced the Greens in the cabinets Schröder I and II Schroeder, three federal ministers, including the Vice-Chancellor and Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer.
Country level
Since 1985 in Hesse, the first red-green coalition was signed at the state level, there has been in ten federal states red-green state governments.
Hesse
The first Red-Green coalition came into being in 1985 in Hesse under Prime Minister Holger Börner. The only green cabinet minister Börner III was Environment Minister Joschka Fischer. The coalition collapsed on 9 February 1987 following 14 months. In the parliamentary elections on April 5, 1987 the CDU and FDP achieved a majority, and Walter Wallmann became the first Christian Democratic Prime Minister of Hessen.
Four years later, it came after the state elections in 1991 a new edition of the Red-Green under Prime Minister Hans Eichel, which was confirmed in 1995. 1999 was the CDU politician Roland Koch with a campaign against red-green policy at the state and at the federal level to move into the State Chancellery.
In the regional elections on January 27, 2008 Prime Minister Koch lost its absolute majority and also reached with the FDP no working majority. Following the SPD regional chairman Andrea Ypsilanti sought an SPD-Green minority government to make toleration a third party (eg, the Left Party ), but this failed due to lack of support in their own ranks in November 2008.
Berlin
After election to the House in 1989, the second red-green state government was sworn in Berlin. However, it was not the Greens, but the party alternative list for democracy and environmental protection ( AL), which took until 1993 in Berlin, involved. The AL sent with Michaele Schreyer, Sybille Volkholz and Anne Klein three senators to the Senate Momper, one of which was two non-party and a member of the Greens. In November 1990, the coalition collapsed after disagreements over the evacuation of occupied houses.
In the election on 2 December 1990, neither red nor green - black-yellow scored a majority, that a grand coalition was formed under CDU leadership. This coalition broke up after almost eleven years on June 7, 2001. Consequently formed Klaus Wowereit an SPD-Green minority government, which was tolerated by the PDS. This red-green Senate had existed only until 17 January 2002 and was replaced after the election to the House on 21 October 2001 a red - red Senate under Wowereit.
In the House of Representatives election 2006 in Berlin Left Party and Green both came to just over 13 percent of the vote and each received 23 mandates. Klaus Wowereit could govern with both parties, but decided against a red-green Senate Education and for the continuation of the government with the Left Party. On May 5, 2009, SPD deputy Canan Bayram announced their withdrawal from the SPD and the SPD and its shift to the Greens, so that the red- red coalition only a majority of 75 seats against 74 seats of opposition possessed, whereas a possible red-green coalition would have a majority of 76 against 73 votes. Therefore, it was of different SPD politicians, the members of the Bundestag and former SPD General Secretary Klaus Uwe Benneter, the change from red-red to red-green color as required. However, this debate died down with the change of the Greens MPs Bilkay Öney the SPD parliamentary group on 12 May 2009 and the associated restoration of the old majority ratios.
The red- red coalition lost after the House of Representatives election in 2011 their majority, so that the election winner SPD had the choice of coalition partner between the Greens and the CDU. After exploratory discussions with both parties Wowereit decided despite the narrow majority in parliament for coalition negotiations with the Greens. These were published on 5 August 2011, the first day of the trial, canceled and explained due to the different views on the expansion of the urban motorway failed.
Bremen
After the parliamentary election in June 2007, the SPD formed a coalition after twelve years of great red-green coalition under Böhrnsen. This coalition formation represented the first red-green coalition at the state level by the red-green defeat at the federal level in 2005 dar. In the state election in 2011, the Alliance has been confirmed by a large majority and continued.
Hamburg
Due to the state elections in 1997 in Hamburg, a red-green government was formed Ortwin Runde, who ruled until 2001. The GAL had sent four senators in the Senate round.
Lower Saxony
In June 1990 the first Green ministers were sworn in by Joschka Fischer to Waltraud Schoppe and Trittin in Lower Saxony. Prime Minister at that time was Gerhard Schröder, however, could govern in 1994 four years after the election with an absolute majority without a coalition.
After the state elections in Lower Saxony in 2013 there was a remake of Red-Green, this time under the new Prime Minister Stephan Weil ( SPD). In this coalition, the Greens represent four of the nine ministers.
North Rhine -Westphalia
After the SPD in 1995 under Prime Minister John Rau lost the absolute majority, formed SPD and the Greens also there a red-green coalition, with Rau according to press reports about this coalition was not thrilled. Among other things, there have been conflicts over lignite mining ( Garzweiler II).
After the coalition was confirmed in 2000 under Out successor Wolfgang Clement, Clements lost successor Peer Steinbrück the 2005 parliamentary elections, as a result, the SPD went after 39 years in opposition. This election had defeated the then recent red-green coalition at the state level means that German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder and the SPD chairman Franz Müntefering (himself from NRW dates ), decided on the federal level elections, which led to the formation of the grand coalition under Angela Merkel.
After the state elections in 2010, in which the CDU / FDP coalition lost its majority, the common ten seats stronger SPD and the Greens decided to form a minority government led by the SPD - wife Hannelore Kraft.
Since the state election on May 13, 2012 Red-Green reigns again with its own parliamentary majority.
Rhineland -Palatinate
In the state election on 27 March 2011, the SPD lost 35.7 percent of the vote under Kurt Beck its absolute majority. Since the Greens with 15.4 per cent were able to triple their vote almost to a significant red-green majority revealed. After successful coalition negotiations and re- election Becks Prime Minister Eveline Lemke, Irene old and Ulrike Höfken were sworn in as the first green ministers of Rhineland-Palatinate in the state parliament.
Schleswig-Holstein
After the loss of the absolute majority of the SPD in 1996, the SPD and Greens entered into a coalition Heide Simonis, which was confirmed in 2000.
The 2005 parliamentary elections brought no clear result: neither red nor green - black-yellow achieved a majority, was so crucial as the two members of the Danish minority party SSW would behave. After they had agreed to a tolerance of red-green minority government, it came at the prime minister election on 17 March 2005 to a head: A deputy of the planned coalition failed Heide Simonis in four ballots consent. Heide Simonis subsequently went back after twelve years of service, her successor, Peter Harry Carstensen (CDU ) formed a grand coalition with the SPD. In the parliamentary elections on September 27, 2009 the CDU and FDP received a slim majority in parliament and formed a black-yellow coalition. On the basis of an unconstitutional election law, it had to come to early elections. In the regional elections 6 May 2012 the CDU and FDP lost its majority, while SPD, Greens and SSW achieved a slim majority in Parliament and subsequently a joint coalition formed, the so-called Danes - light. On 12 June 2012, elected Prime Minister Torsten Albig (SPD).
Baden-Wurttemberg
After the regional elections of 2011, there were in Baden-Württemberg for the first time the possibility of forming a red-green coalition led by Winfried Kretschmann ( Alliance 90/The Greens ). After the completion of the coalition negotiations between the two parties of the red-green coalition agreement of the negotiators Winfried Kretschmann and Nils Schmid was signed on 27 April 2011. The new state government of Prime Minister Kretschmann was sworn in on 12 May 2011 in the parliament.
Red - green minority governments
Red - green minority governments existed in Saxony -Anhalt and Berlin. Both times was tolerated by the PDS, the government. This is also in line with the government in Saxony -Anhalt called ( 1994-1998 ) Magdeburg model. Reinhard Hoeppner was Prime Minister here. Again, this variant was practiced in Berlin, Klaus Wowereit; in Hesse failed this 2008 model the resistance of four SPD deputies.
In North Rhine -Westphalia, it was the first Cabinet force from 15 July 2010 to 20 June 2012, an SPD-Green minority government. However, this did not follow the Magdeburg model, as she sat on shifting majorities and wooed welcomed by both the Left Party as well as the CDU and FDP. In the budget deliberations in 2012, the opposition refused closed its approval of the budget, so that the parliament dissolved. For the majority in the parliament the government lacked a voice. At the regional election on May 13, 2012 SPD and the Greens achieved a majority of seats in the parliament.
Unused red-green majority
From 1991 to 1996 and from 2001 to 2006 there were in the Rhineland- Palatinate state parliament a majority for the SPD and the Greens. SPD's top candidate Rudolf Sharping but decided after the election victory in 1991, a social-liberal coalition. His successor, Kurt Beck continued the cooperation with the FDP in 1994 continued until 2006. After the 1996 election, the FDP decided against a government with the CDU, which would have had a majority because of the strength of the FDP, and five years later was the SPD rather govern with the FDP and the Greens. In the state elections in 2006 the Greens missed the entry into the state parliament and the SPD achieved an absolute majority in parliament.
In Hamburg Henning Voscherau moved between 1993 Workshop Party before government partners despite red - green majority. After the Workshop Party at the state election in 1997 retired from the citizenry, and the SPD Association decided to take the red-green coalition but, Voscherau resigned as Mayor.
In Bremen, Henning Scherf waived by the state elections of 1995, 1999 and 2003, make sure to use the red-green majority to form a government and instead preferred the formation of a grand coalition. This grand coalition was founded in 2005 by his successor, Mayor Böhrnsen taken over, but terminated after the 2007 state election in favor of a red-green coalition.
The current red-green majority in the House of Berlin is politically also not used. The Governing Mayor Klaus Wowereit continued his red - red government continued after the House of Representatives election in 2006. 2011 resulted again - albeit brief - red- green majority, but this time no additional red - red. After the SPD with both the Greens and the CDU held exploratory talks, Wowereit initially opted for a red-green government, but the coalition talks broke off on the first day of the trial.
Red-green as society project
The term red-green a company project is sometimes associated, where the generation of '68 members wanted to like take the march through the institutions, for example, Joschka Fischer, to the society more tolerance towards minorities, greater acceptance of the emancipation of women and men, and more attentiveness to the environment to achieve. In agricultural policy, agricultural policy and energy policy, energy policy with red- green policy is associated.
In a positive context, the term is associated with the developments mentioned in a negative context is associated with red-green especially utopianism and too uncritical or even blind attitude towards the problems of integration of immigrants. From that social -policy perspective, the project red-green with the lost election the ruling coalition at the federal level between the SPD and the party Alliance 90/The Greens, in the 2005 federal election as either failed or perceived to be successful, depending on how the issues are weighted.
Austria
At the country level, a red-green coalition in the narrow sense was first envisaged in 2004 in Salzburg. This option was rejected by the SPÖ under Gabi Burgstaller in favor of a red - black coalition.
In cities such as Linz and Salzburg there for some years also a free majority formation, where there was a red-green cooperation in some cases.
Vienna
In the state assembly and council elections in Vienna 2010, Vienna SPÖ lost its absolute majority mandate. As a result, there was exploratory talks between the SPÖ and the Viennese countryside. On October 22, the first red-green coalition negotiations began at the country level. On 12 November 2010 the red-green coalition agreement Vienna was presented.
Since 25 November 2010, the SPÖ governed under Mayor Michael Häupl with the Greens under Vice Mayor Maria Vassilakou in Vienna.
Carinthia
In Carinthia a scarce red-green majority arose after the state election in 2013 in the parliament and the provincial government. In early March agreed SPÖ and the Greens is followed on a collaboration talks for a three-party coalition with the ÖVP as part of a red-black- green coalition for ensuring a two-thirds majority.
Norway
In Norway, was from 2005 to 2013, a coalition of social democratic Arbeiderpartiet (Ap), the green- socialist Sosialistisk Venstreparti (SV) and the Agrarian Party Senterpartiet (Sp). In Norway, the Sosialistisk Venstreparti largely fulfilled the role of a Green Party, while the Green Party Miljøpartiet De Grønne is not represented in Parliament. Ecological issues are strongly represented in Norway in the established parties, especially in the Senterpartiet.