Ossuary

The ossuary, neulateinisch the ossuary ( os, bone ), is a covered space in which bones of the dead are. The term Karner, also Gerner, denotes a cemetery chapel, which is also ossuary.

Origin and Baukunde

In Judaism also bone boxes of stone are called ossuaries. After the body had decayed, the remaining bones were cleaned and placed in ossuaries. These were mainly situated in the underground catacombs at the time of aboveground burial ban in the period until 1200, however, play since the beginning of the burials in this religion are no longer relevant.

The system of ossuaries various reasons. Part is collecting the bones from cemeteries, where space for further burials had to be created, including existing grave fields have been reassigned ( reburial of the bones ) (Example: Sant'Ariano in the lagoon of Venice). An increase in the European population required the implementation of the ossuaries in the 11th and 12th centuries. It was not a change in the theological thinking of Christianity, but " only by practical requirements of this drastic step was necessary ."

In many cases you will find the ossuary in conjunction with a cemetery chapel. Especially in this form, the ossuary is also called Karner or Gerner, the usual Austrian territory as well as in Bavaria expression. There are significant ossuaries from the 12th century in Hartberg and mistletoe Bach and one from the 13th century in Tulln or the Magdalene Chapel Hall in Tirol.

In Lorraine there are ossuaries example, in an open to the cemetery crypt under the church of Vintrange and Schorbach in Bitscher country in a house with open, acting Romanesque arcades in front of the west door of the church.

Frequently Christian ossuaries are dedicated to the Archangel Michael. They may have been built on two levels or even increased later. In the upper room there often is a chapel.

At the turn of the 20th century came ossuaries more and more out of fashion. Many have been abandoned or abused, some now serve as memorials to war dead, as mortuaries or storage shed. In some monasteries located in the town has been preserved because of the tight space, the function of the ossuaries.

In many parts of Greece you can still find ossuaries in the cemeteries. There, the bones are exhumed after a regionally different time (20 to 40 years) in a religious rite and placed in the ossuary, to make room for new burial sites.

Examples

Austria

Karner, ossuary

  • Lower Austria: Bad German -Altenburg, Burgschleinitz, Eggenburg, Frieder Bach, Hainburg, mistletoe Bach, Mödling, stone pot ( Doppelkarner ) Pulkau, Tulln on the Danube, Wiener Neustadt, Zwettl
  • Upper Austria: Enns, Hallstatt ( with the largest collection of skulls in Europe), Mauthausen
  • Carinthia: Carinthia about 50 Karner are obtained, for example, in Ossiach, Friesach, Maria Saal, Metnitz, Moosburg, Rechenberg, Villach
  • Salzburg Hallein
  • Styria: Hartberg, Sankt Lambrecht
  • Vorarlberg: Ludesch
  • Tirol: Elbigenalp in the Lech Valley in the Martins or Magdalene Chapel,

Germany

Predominant ossuary

  • Baden- Württemberg: St. George in expert opinion lead Bach 's St. Michael in Schwäbisch Hall ( under the choir ), St. Michael next to the parish church of St. Gallus in Ladenburg
  • Bavaria ( ossuaries and charnel house ): Allersburg, Altomuenster, Arresting, Balder Home ( Aub ), width Brunn, Beratzhausen, Chammunster, Dingolfing, Marzoll, Perschen, Rottendorf, Roding: Josephikapelle with Anna Chapel, Sinzing, United Schönbrunn · Greding Geltenzunft Village Walleshausen, Hemau, Landsberg am Lech, Oberpfaffenhofen in Kastl, Rain, Staubing at World castle, Schorndorf, Reicholzried, Waischenfeld, Iphofen
  • Hamburg: Under the altar of St. Joseph's Church
  • Hesse: ossuary next to the Lutheran Church of St. Mary in Marburg, Michaelis chapel in Wetzlar, St. Michael near the parish church ( Kapellenkarner ) in Kiedrich, St. Michael's Church in Fulda ( crypt was originally used as an ossuary ), St. Michael ( Limburg ) the basement of the chapel of St. Michael at the collegiate church in Limburg- Dietkirchen, basement of St. Michael's Chapel in Butzbach, ossuary ( Alsfeld )
  • Rhineland -Palatinate: Michael Chapel in Alken on the Mosel ( still full ), Michael chapel near the Church of Our Lady in Koblenz (rebuilt ), Michael chapel next to the St. Catherine's Church in Oppenheim, carding on the Moselle, in the Cath. Church of St. Ulrich at the market place of Bad Durkheim, under the cath. Church of St. Peter and Paul in West Mayrhofen As a variation can be observed, whose sanctuary has been increased to include to create a space, which is probably an ossuary was used in the Middle Rhine smaller Romanesque churches. Demonstrate this form is in the old church of St. Servatius in Koblenz- Gül, in St. Lawrence in Koblenz -Mosel White ( space in the Baroque away) and ( reconstructed space ) in St. John's in Niederlahnstein.
  • Mecklenburg- Vorpommern: Ossuary ( Bad Doberan ), Kloster Doberan ( early Gothic ossuary )
  • Lower Saxony: Bone Tower in Einbeck
  • North Rhine -Westphalia: St. Ursula ( Golden Chamber )

Switzerland

Ossuary

  • Graubünden: Church of St. Peter Mistail in Alvaschein, Falera, Poschiavo
  • Central Switzerland Central Switzerland: Baar ZG, Emmetten, Ettiswil, Hasle LU, battle Chapel Sempach, stones ( Canton of Schwyz ), Wolhusen, train (city), Sursee, Graenichen, Deitingen,
  • Northwestern Switzerland: St. Jakob an der Birs in Basel, ossuary at the fortified church of St. Arbogast at Muttenz, Rümlingen, Frick
  • Eastern Switzerland: Our Lady Chapel at the Parish Church of St. Johann in Rapperswil SG ( two-story Gothic building with chapel ), St. Peter and Paul on the island Ufenau, Knight Bubikon, Bubikon ZH
  • French-speaking Switzerland: Montreux
  • Ticino: Coglio, Gordevio
  • Wallis: Leuk, Naters

South Tyrol

Karner, charnel house or ossuary

France

Ossuaire

  • Alsace: Dambach- la -Ville St. Sebastian chapel with an ossuary, Margaret Chapel Epfig (simple construction of the 11th century A charnel house on the north side is the extension of the porch in the oculus dated 1601. )
  • Ile- de -France: Ossuary of the parish church Saint- Séverin, ossuary of the Pere Lachaise cemetery, ossuary of the Catacombs
  • Lorraine: de Douaumont Ossuary at Verdun, Marville, Vintrange, Romanesque ossuary Schorbach ( mid 12th century )
  • Normandy: Rouen, Pestbeinhaus

Italy

Ossario

  • Sant'Ariano island in the lagoon of Venice
  • Santa Maria Immacolata a Via Veneto in Rome

Greece

  • Fourni ( Crete)

Portugal

  • Igreja Matriz in Alcantarilha
  • Igreja de São Francisco in Evora
  • Igreja do Carmo in Faro

Czechia

  • Sedlec Ossuary in Kutna Hora
  • Ossuary in Melnik
  • Ossuary in Kolin
  • Ossuary in St. Maurenzen

Bulgaria

  • Ossuary in Balgarowo
  • Ossuary in Batak
  • Ossuary in Schipkadenkmal
Venetian Lagoon Lorraine (region) Morgue Bad Deutsch-Altenburg Enns (town) Breitenbrunn Schorndorf, Bavaria Treis-Karden Deidesheim Westhofen Baar, Switzerland Hasle, Lucerne Battle of Sempach Ahrntal Dambach-la-Ville Catacombs of Paris Marville, Meuse Phourni Kolín Balgarovo
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