Snezhinsk
Snezhinsk (Russian Снежинск; formerly known as Chelyabinsk -50 first, then to 1991 Chelyabinsk -70) is a Russian city in the northeast of the Chelyabinsk region with 48 810 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010 ). Since Soviet times, it belongs as part of the Soviet military-industrial complex to the so-called closed cities. Meanwhile Snezhinsk is listed on the maps to their visit, however, a special permit is still necessary. Snezhinsk is the seat of the Research Institute Russian Federal Atomic Energy Center - All-Russian Scientific Research Center of Technical Physics (Russian: Российский Федеральный ядерный центр - Всероссийский НИИ технической физики, Abbreviation: WNIITF ).
- 3.1 Demographics
- 4.1 traffic 4.1.1 flight connection
- 4.1.2 Public Transport
- 6.1 Preparation
- 6.2 stay
Geography
Snezhinsk located in the northeast of the Chelyabinsk region on the lake Sinara the middle Ural.
The city and WNIITF occupy an area of 357 square kilometers. Snezhinsk is located approximately 120 kilometers from the regional capital Chelyabinsk away and 90 km from the city of Yekaterinburg.
Climate
In the Chelyabinsk region, typical of much of Russia's continental climate prevails. The winter (November to March) are long, summers are short (July and August). Spring ( April and May ) and autumn ( September and October) are transition periods between summer and winter. You have no pronounced characteristics - after a warm April may in early may still fall once the snow.
In January the average temperature is -16 ° C, but can drop to values below -45 ° C in extreme cases. The average temperature in summer is 23 to 28 ° C, but can take from 48 ° C maximum values .
Population
As of January 1999, the population of the city was around 49,000, as of January 2003, there were approximately 50,000. Since the city was founded as a nuclear research facility, it has still a disproportionately high percentage of university graduates: 2003 44 habilitation and 256 PhDs were counted ( the Russian equivalents of the German titles are Doctor of Science and PhD ). 45 percent of the population have a higher education, 80 per cent of school leavers go to university.
History
The history of modern Snezhinsk begins on 5 April 1955, the establishment of the so-called object NII -1011 ( German: Object Scientific Research Institute 1011), now known as the Russian Federal Atomic Energy Center - All-Russian Scientific Research Center of Technical Physics. This facility is dedicated to the design and maintenance of nuclear weapons.
The place was as a second nuclear research center alongside the existing Arzamas -16 (now Sarov ) been established. Consequently, a third of the staff of Arzamas -16 to Chelyabinsk -50 was assigned to its foundation. In 1957, the first developed in Snezhinsk thermonuclear warhead was successfully tested.
Snezhinsk was planned from the beginning as an exclusive and secrecy of underlying dwelling place for those who work. The Institute was responsible for beginning the construction of the community, the procurement of labor, the establishment of infrastructure and housing.
In May 1957 Snezhinsk was officially established by decree. Over the years many powers and property rights were received from the Institute to the local government or other institutions on - a process that lasted until the present day.
The nineties brought a wealth of new features. In 1992, the existence of Snezhinsk was first made public officially in Russia. In 1993, the city received city rights.
Demographics
Note: Census data
Economy
Snezhinsk is the seat of the Russian Federal Atomic Energy establishment Center - All-Russian Scientific Research Center of Technical Physics ( WNIITF ). This is dedicated to, among others, the design and maintenance of nuclear weapons. It is also the largest employer in the town and dominates today 's economic life - about fifty percent of workers are employed there.
The company Spektr founded in February 1999, is a spin-off of the Institute, which deals with conversion. The second-largest employer in the city is the state-owned utility Transenergo. In addition, four are still small companies and 26 private companies registered (as of 2002). Taken together in all these companies are again about 14 percent of workers employed.
Traffic
Ten kilometers from Snezhinsk runs the highway, which connects with Chelyabinsk Yekaterinburg.
Flight connection
The nearest airport for long-haul travelers is Koltsovo in Yekaterinburg; from there you can go by bus to Snezhinsk. Koltsovo can be reached from Germany from Frankfurt Airport or via Moscow.
Public transportation
The train journey from Moscow to Yekaterinburg takes about 28 hours. From there, it goes from the bus station by bus to Snezhinsk. There are daily bus services between Snezhinsk Chelyabinsk and Yekaterinburg, respectively. In Snezhinsk itself you can travel by bus or taxi.
Leisure
The leisure offer is rather Soviet blank. There is the Palace of Culture in October ( with 29 sub-divisions for different activities ), a park of culture and recreation, as well as the theater cosmos. In the city there are three libraries with reading rooms for adults and one for children.
Snezhinsk has 60 sports facilities, including a stadium, a swimming pool, a ski resort or a place for archers and tennis courts.
Travel to the closed city
Since Snezhinsk is still a closed city, apply to the traveling there some special rules.
Preparation
Before leaving the host or Inviting must have a permission of the former Russian nuclear ministry today seek Federal Agency for Atomic Energy of Russia. This may take up to sixty days. After the granting of permission to visit a proper form, invitation letter to the guest must be sent with this, a visa may be requested. The procedure will take another five to 30 days.
Stay
The host is responsible for providing accommodation in the city. Great is the selection of course not: The hotel Sneschinka (Russian снежинка, Snowflake ), built in 1983, the only house is in order.
While staying in Snezhinsk you have to expect to be accompanied by security forces. For the duration of the stay cameras, cameras, computers and other electronic equipment can be taken by the security forces in temporary storage.
Twin Cities
- Livermore in the U.S. state of California
- Chkalovsk in Tajikistan