Toll road

Toll is a derived from the Old High German and Gothic mota muta term for customs in the sense of Wegzolls.

The term describes a fee for the use of structures, such as roads, bridges, highways and tunnels. In the 11th century the Wegzoll in Europe was widespread. He was therefore introduced because the financing of roads increasingly encountered difficulties. With the payment of the toll the travelers ( users) should be involved in the financing, for the residents went into a template. Other forms of financing were the corvee ( everyone has the state a certain number of days physical work provide ), or taxes for residents (eg in ancient Rome ).

Toll bridges and gates were popular because they are easier to control ( and to avoid worse) were rare and had to be set repair than roads. Later, the train disabilities were reduced by train, as they interfere with the free trade.

In Graz there was, however, until 1938 urban toll points or line agencies at the city entrances, where pavement and toll goods duty was paid.

An alternative term for toll is toll (as opposed to eg parking fee). It can be urban (urban ) (see inner city toll ) and inter- urban ( between urban) road user charges ( tolls, possibly even highways ) are different.

In the UK there were in the early industrial period, the turnpike roads, highways, which were conducted as a private company. The ' turnpike ' was the relay race that got each user at a control point as a ticket and had to deliver again the next.

The toll system has the theoretical computer scientists stimulated the formulation of the toll problem, to what extent one can draw conclusions from the knowledge of all existing between the tollbooths a road distances to all distances of the toll booths.

• No car motorway toll
• Special toll roads
• Toll sticker
• Distance toll
• Vignette duty and (toll -free ) Special toll roads
• Not specified

Goals and Principles

The objectives of road pricing are:

• Funding for any existing or future road infrastructure and settlement of construction and operating costs for the roads ( infrastructure costs with the objective of producing a true cost of transport);
• The control of the demand for the good " road " with the aim of reducing congestion and its efficient use (Travel Demand Management );
• Discharge to the environment through a price and thus reducing motorized traffic participation;
• The generation of additional revenue for public budgets;
• The internalisation of external costs. These are environmental costs are not fully borne by the polluter, as the social and environmental costs caused by noise and air pollution of traffic as well as parts of accident costs ( for example, resource failure costs).

In general, let two principles of the toll calculation differ: In the access -related fee, the right of access for the use of certain roads ( areas, buildings, etc.) is acquired, there is no requirement on the actual use. Access may be limited, such as day, week, month, year. This type of toll is usually collected by vignette and is relatively easy to collect and control. In the usage-based fee of Toll is charged depending on the actually made use of, possibly at a tollbooth. The toll can be spatially defined: distance traveled by extended sections, number (tunnel ) transits or time (for a fee depending on the stay in a zone ). In addition, for example, distance-related charges may vary over time ( during rush hours later, etc.)

The height of a toll can be made dependent on various characteristics of the user or his vehicle. Most commonly it is dependent on the size, length and weight of the vehicle (eg mandatory toll for cars and truck tolls ), but other dependencies ( number of axles, emissions class, usage time and day of the week, type of transported goods) before coming.

Inner city toll road toll

An inner-city toll refers to the collection of fees for the use of inner-city streets usually for trucks and cars.

The cities of Singapore and Hong Kong are among transport planners as a "classic" examples of traffic reduction and calming through toll collection for entrance of vehicle in inner-city toll area. In Hong Kong, however, the introduction is ultimately thwarted by the opposition of the public. In the mid- 1980s took over Scandinavian cities this toll (Bergen, Trondheim, Oslo). In Bergen (Norway ) the arrival in 1985 coupled into the inner city to the payment of a fee of 25 kroner ( about 3 euros ) at specific toll booths. While the models in Norway are mainly used for road financing, municipalities justify the levying of toll increasingly with environmental protection. The increase in the cost of private transport will provide a stimulus for the change to public transport.

In February 2003, a toll (London Congestion Charge ) was introduced to solve the congestion problems in the city center in London. Every driver who enters weekdays in the city center between 7 und 18 clock clock, has 10 pounds (as of: January 4, 2011) to pay ( about 12 euros ). There are also variants in which the access roads are tolls in cities: for example, San Diego, Tokyo.

The inhabitants of Stockholm has decided on 24 September 2006 for an auto- toll in their downtown. 53.1 % of the approximately 600,000 eligible voters voted in the referendum for the toll.

Toll systems in Europe

Toll systems are available in several European countries:

• In Bulgaria, Germany, France, Greece, Italy, Croatia, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Czech Republic and Hungary (all EU members);
• Norway and Switzerland ( non-EU members);
• In the Republic of Macedonia and Serbia ( candidate without ongoing negotiations );
• In Turkey ( candidate country with ongoing negotiations ).

In the countries of the European Union tolling schemes for road pricing need - for example, vignette - be EU law compliant. Differences of treatment on grounds of nationality prohibited by Article 18 TFEU (see also prohibition of discrimination). This also applies to so-called "hidden discrimination ", which is not explicitly build on the characteristic of nationality, but in fact lead to the same result.

The EU Commission has issued a "Notice on the collection of national road pricing on light private vehicles " on May 14, 2012. She wants (as of July 2012) to clarify by "guidelines" on how Member States can design their vignette systems for light private vehicles with EU law. She keeps tolling principle better than vignette systems, since it " is distance-dependent, directly associated with the use of the infrastructure " around and it calls for the introduction of short- time vignettes, so that drivers are not discriminated from other Member States.

The Centre for European Policy ( CEP), a pan-European policy think - tank, said: The principle of proportionality requires that short vignettes are offered at reasonable rates.

The Advisory Council on the Environment (SRU ) wrote in a 2005 report:

"The federal government should implement the " use Euro vignettes " - RL for it ... Tolls for car ( car toll ) should consist of acceptance and data protection reasons and to avoid a traffic shift to the minor road network ... only to relieve particularly busy be used metropolitan areas. "

" Common " truck road toll in Europe

1 January 1995 led Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Sweden, a highway toll for trucks one on the basis of an EU directive Convention on the levying of charges for the use of certain roads by heavy commercial vehicles (so-called Euro vignette system ). These are ( with the exception of Germany ) still. Around a time-based toll system in the pre-paid method Each Toll must acquire a certificate fees for the desired period of use before using. The fees certificates are recognized by all member states of the Convention alternately.

The EU transport ministers are anxious for some time to establish a unified toll system as possible. On 18 December 2003, the EU Parliament, leaving the decisions for the technology of the particular truck toll system the individual Member States. However, the systems should be compatible. The negotiations broke down last March 9, 2004 Germany and Austria. It is believed that both countries sought to impose relatively high calculation bases for the tolls. On 9 April 2004, the European Commission adopted a Directive on the interoperability of European electronic toll service ( EETS ). This policy is currently being implemented. As of 2013, shall be necessary for the tolling of the EU states, only a common fee collection device (on- board unit ).

In order for the EU Commission, the proposal was rejected, the general wanted to prescribe a satellite-based ( preferably by Galileo) system from 2012. Now, each Member State is free to choose from. The systems must only be compatible with each other. This decision depends upon newspaper reports together directly with the problems that had initially given it in the introduction of satellite-based truck toll system by Toll Collect in Germany. Since 1 January 2005, the toll collection runs in Germany largely without problems. At that time, was the fixed-satellite position of the payable journeys as the most convenient and flexible for the user variant; it has been touted as a flagship technology and applied some as a justification for the Galileo project. It has long been practically everywhere mobile internet possible ( especially with laptops and smartphones); the pre - booking via the Internet portal has been established. The factors set out terminals have become less important.

Denmark

• The Storebæltsbroen is a toll road.
• The built and supported by an international company Øresund link is also a toll road.
• Federal Highway 1 - The 18- km long Fehmarn crossing to Denmark to be refinanced using a toll.

Germany

In Germany, a toll is a complex technical system so far only for trucks levied on the motorways and connected to highways motorway-like federal highways, additionally for Lorries over 3.5 tonnes GVW on some major roads a ban on night driving - a toll for cars is always in the discussion up to now could not be enforced.

Levied by the state fees have in the Federal Republic of Germany back to the subject area in which they have been collected, benefit, in this case, the maintenance and the construction of new transport infrastructure. They flow - minus the service fees for Toll Collect - to the transport infrastructure funding mbH. The toll fees are ( currently four highway sections, planned seven ) within the framework of "Public Private Partnership " projects in return for road construction and maintenance in some routes also paid to private companies.

Truck toll

A new distance-based truck toll on highways for vehicles of 12 tonnes GVW (heavy trucks) should be introduced on 31 August 2003. In anticipation of the start-up of this system Germany ended the participation in the Euro vignette system. Because of various problems the company commissioned with the realization Toll Collect the date was postponed several times. A technically limited version was launched on 1 January 2005.

Car toll

In Germany, a road toll for cars by some politicians and industry representatives is required. The Federal Government Cabinet Merkel I and the Minister of Transport (SPD ) rejected a car toll and pointed to the already high financial burden on motorists. The car toll is a " favorite child " of the CSU; they know from surveys that it is endorsed by Bavarian voters - and especially those who live near the border, because they resent the fact that they are in Austria and Switzerland each have to buy a motorway sticker itself, while, conversely, Austrian and Swiss free on German motorways allowed to drive.

2009-2013 ruled the Cabinet Merkel II; Transport Minister Peter Ramsauer considered according to Passau Neue Presse, the car toll for the future, but relativized shortly thereafter ( from a car toll was " in the coalition agreement not mentioned anywhere "). Some CDU politicians have expressed sympathy in May 2010 for a car toll.

The automobile club ADAC speaks for many years against a car toll on German motorways, this he cites the following arguments:

• The foreign automobile traffic is charged by the fuel tax 195 % of the tax due on it infrastructure costs.
• Foreign vehicles account for only 5.2% of car traffic on German motorways.
• For years, the state is only about 30 to 35% of the revenue from road tax, fuel tax and road tolls for infrastructure (eg road repair, new roads ) from.
• The vignette model is unfair, there is no incentive to less driving and antisocial. A small car with low mileage pays for the vignette the same as a lot of traveling luxury cars. Route requires a toll to high technical complexity ( => collection and administration costs) and leads to privacy concerns.
• About half of the EU countries raises no highway tolls for passenger cars In the case of a nationwide launch in Germany possibly other countries would follow suit and also introduce a toll. This would burden the German road users in addition financially.
• According to the ADAC With a shift of only 20 percent of the passenger traffic from the highways to minor roads would be mathematically expected per year with approximately 250 additional fatalities and over 10,000 additional casualties.

In Germany (October 2005) has been discussed about a sale of the motorway network to private companies (eg investment banks ). The value of the motorway network was, according to estimates by the Institute forecasters around 127 billion euros, according to the German Institute for Economic Research at the Federal roads about 213 billion euros ( in former prices). The central element of privatization would be the introduction of a car toll.

In addition to the main objections to a nationwide car toll, such as the difficulty in allocation of costs by vehicle and fuel tax, warned and warn privacy experts; they argue that this is a " driving without data tracks " is impossible. The combination of GPS ( Global Positioning System) and OBUs ( On Board Unit), any so -equipped vehicle at any time be located; his motion profile can be automatically detected and stored.

During the campaign for the parliamentary elections in 2013 called Horst Seehofer (CSU ) is a mandatory toll for foreign motorway users; this is true but because the resulting implied discrimination against EU citizens to be incompatible with EU law. As a model, therefore, is circulating a vignette, the costs for car owners whose cars are registered in Germany, are compensated in return for a lower road tax, so that only foreign motorists would have to pay an additional contribution. According to a parliamentary question by Green MEP Michael Cramer clarified EU Transport Commissioner Siim Kallas that " a reduction in motor vehicle taxes for resident users, in compliance with the provisions laid down in Directive 1999/62/EC minimum rates for trucks, while collecting appropriate usage fees for all users [ ..] not constitute discrimination on grounds of nationality ". A commission spokeswoman told complementary with that a " toll system, free received a vignette in which locals " is not possible, the Commission draw distance-based charging systems as in France or Italy before, where natives and foreigners must pay equally, taking into account the actual distance traveled. Accordingly, the original concept CSU to award the vignette free German car holder, legally impossible. To what extent can a toll for foreigners meet the annual additional demand for infrastructural measures, which is more than seven billion euros according to a variety or estimates up is questionable. At 100 € toll and 3 million units sold to foreigners each year vignettes per year only 300 million euros would be generated in additional revenue.

Shortly before the federal election in 2013, there was a public disagreement between Merkel and Seehofer to the question ' car toll '. Merkel reiterated her duel in the Chancellor's ' no' to a car toll.

After the 2013 election was Alexander Dobrindt (CSU ) new transport minister.

In the coalition negotiations after the election, the SPD rejected the car toll. There was a horse-trading between the CDU and CSU: the CDU maintains a toll for at least conceivable; in return renounced Bavaria's Prime Minister Horst Seehofer on its call for nationwide referendums.

ADAC and Green protest (as of December 2013) against the toll plans Dobrindt. Dobrindt had a 100 - Euro - vignette from theme " during the year 2015".

Toll for individual structures

An earlier special case of a government-owned, toll road is the Roßfeldhöhenringstraße. Legally, it is a private road of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Since September 1994, is the FStrPrivFinG ( Highway Construction Private Financing Act ) the possibility of the construction, maintenance, operation and financing of bridges and tunnels in the wake of federal motorways and federal highways to private companies as part of a Public Private Partnership ( PPP or PPP) to transmitted. To fund this then given the right to collect tolls.

The highway construction Private Financing Act is implemented as follows: The so-called "F- model " builds and operates a private road with a public seed funding of usually 20 % and receives 30 years a separately calculated for this route toll for cars and trucks. This model has previously been applied in only two projects, which opened in 2003, Warnow Tunnel in Rostock and in 2005 went into operation Herren Tunnel in Lübeck. When Mr. tunnel but not 20 %, but 55 % of the public sector were paid as initial funding. This was justified by the argument that a new building the dilapidated Mr. bridge, which was replaced by the Herren Tunnel, would have caused these same costs. This funding is provided as well as the Elbe crossing the A20 at Gluckstadt and the Elbe crossing the A 21 near Lüneburg for both the planned " harbor link road " ( along the district of William Castle and parts of Hamburg Harbour A 252 ). The basic idea is that projects of this nature, the benefit is so great for the car and truck drivers that they are willing to pay additional fees because they and / or money to save time.

• In Rostock Warnow tunnel was opened on 12 September 2003. The road tunnel connecting the national road 103, the regions west and east of the Warnow estuary and forms with the A19 to the east and the A20 to the south the outer tangent ring Rostock. Built and funded was the 220 ​​-million-euro tunnel from the French group Bouygues, which owns the operating license for 50 years. For the journey through the tunnel a toll of about 3 euros is charged for cars.

• On 26 August 2005, the toll Mr. tunnel was opened under the Trave in Lübeck through. He replaced the dilapidated Mr. Bridge ( bascule bridge ) over the B 75 between Lübeck and Travemünde.

For both projects, much less traffic is incurred, as had been predicted in the forecasts. Then, the period in which the private operator may levy tolls, extended for the Warnow Tunnel from 30 to 50 years. When Herrentunnel the tariff system was changed; the toll on individual driving was raised and introduced a system of discounts. The failure of the two projects is mainly due to the fact that the effect of a toll has been misjudged on the behavior of users and therefore untenable forecasts were created about the expected traffic.

Other planned mandatory toll projects:

• Autobahn 8 - Between Mulhouse and chief city of the Albaufstieg to be refinanced through a toll.
• Federal highway 281 - A Weser crossing as a tunnel or bridge to be refinanced through a toll.

Austria

In Austria, a toll is levied since 1997 on all motorways and highways of the country by all vehicles. This is (also known as Highway Pickerl or toll Pickerl ) in the form of toll stickers that need to stick properly on the windshield charged.

For the vignette 2014 apply to vehicles up to 3.5 tonnes in weight following rates:

• Car / camper: 10- day vignette: 8,50 €, 2 -month vignette: € 24.80, annual vignette: € 82.70.
• Motorcycle: 10- day vignette: 4,90 €, 2 -month vignette: 12.40 €, annual permit: € 32,90.
• Principle for car trailer, there is no additional toll sticker.

For some sections, tunnels and bridges a special toll is charged. For these sections no sticker is required, however, as the most sensible approach to the special toll roads in most cases via vignette toll-roads, a sticker must still be bought in the rule. Commuters who must travel on their way to work one of the special toll roads get, but with existing annual vignette a free annual pass for their route.

The control of vignettes takes place on the one hand manually by the police and the 2002 specially created toll supervision with wide-ranging powers (blue light, identity control, ...) at rest areas and stopping at own control bays, on the other hand by camera systems ( the so-called Automatic Vignette control - AVK ).

In case of use of motorways and expressways without a valid vignette threaten currently following fines:

• In case of missing or improperly attached Vignette: 120 - ( car / RV ), 65 - (motorcycle).
• ( Car / mobile home) or 130 - - In case of manipulation of the vignette are 240 (motorcycle) provided as punishment.
• If the amounts provided not settled, follow administrative fines between 400 - and 4,000 -. Euros.

The entire motorway and expressway network with a length of more than 2000 kilometers, is operated by the National Highway and Expressway - financing AG ASFINAG on behalf of the BMVIT.

On 1 January 2004, the vignette was replaced by a distance-based truck toll for all vehicles over 3.5 tonnes gross weight. Companies is the world's first large-scale multi- lane free flow toll system by Europpass Truck Toll System GmbH, originally a wholly owned subsidiary of the Italian Autostrade SpA, the largest toll operator in Europe; it was adopted with effect from 1 January 2005 by ASFINAG. In addition, there is a higher toll for the special toll roads. The toll rates are graduated according to the number of axles and EURO emission classes and are collected by the GO-Box with microwave technology, fully electronically and without affecting traffic flow in the pre-pay or post-pay procedure.

Away from the highways there are toll roads, such as tunnels, private roads or streets in the conservation particularly complex, such as the Grossglockner High Alpine Road, the Malta High Alpine Road or the Silvretta High Alpine Road.

Switzerland

In Switzerland, up to 3.5 tonnes gross vehicle weight will be charged the national road tax for the use of motorways and highways ( motorways 1st and 2nd class ) for all motor vehicles and trailers. The tax is paid in the form of the motorway vignette.

A vignette is always valid for the period from 1 December before the printed year to 31 January of the following year. It costs 40 Swiss francs or 33 euros. An increase in the vignette price to 100 CHF / year was rejected on November 24, 2013 in a referendum. Daily, weekly or monthly vignettes there is not.

The use of motorways and the national highway network without vignette is punished with a fine of 200 francs (about 163 euros ). Driver of a vehicle with an incorrect glued vignette - for example, provided with a self-adhesive film - will also be atoned with 200 francs. Repentance can already be levied at the border.

The Great St. Bernard Tunnel is one of two single toll road pieces Switzerland. It is operated by a private company. The pass road to the hospice and on to Italy is toll-free.

The passage through the Munt la Shera tunnel between Punt la Drossa ( on the road to the Ofen Pass ) and Punt dal Gall, the link road from the Lower Engadine to the neighboring Italian Livigno is a toll road. The toll station is located at the dam of the Lago di Livigno immediately before the Italian border.

The performance -related heavy vehicle fee trucks ( HVF) is an electronically charged, distance-based tolls for lorries over 3.5 tonnes, which is levied on all roads in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. She was launched on 1 January 2001.

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein has no motorways. The heavy vehicle fee will be collected together with Switzerland.

France

In France, the so-called péage will be charged for all vehicles on many highways. In Alsace, Lorraine and Brittany motorway usage is mostly free of charge. The Autoroute A75 through the Massif Central between Clermont -Ferrand and Montpellier is toll free to the Viaduc de Millau, as highways that are to bypass this through congested areas or. The survey is carried out at fixed toll stations by personnel or machines. The price depends on the distance and the type of vehicle. Average costs the toll for a car about seven cents per kilometer.

Typically, the driver receives at the beginning of the toll road or on the highway a ticket. Settled is then the actual distance traveled at the end of the toll road or on the highway with cash or card. About the procedure Télépéage a non-contact detection while driving at walking speed is possible ( at some toll plazas with up to 30 km / h) on specially reserved lane on the pay sites. Here, the user receives a small on-board unit, it must be attached to the windshield of his vehicle. This device communicates via microwaves with his counterpart at the toll stations. In the past, was a Télépéage subscription only for the highways of the respective operating company; since 2001 the mutual settlement is possible. This additional comfort is advertised under the name of liber -t.

To finance the highways, France adopted a law in 1955 that provided a toll system for private financing of motorway construction under concession contracts. Today, there are eleven operating companies for the 11,000 -kilometer route network. Individual routes are however, is still owned by the state.

1970 founded five civil engineering companies, including the SGE, GTM and Jean Lefebvre, together with the Société Générale and Paribas banks Cofiroute. These companies carried the entire burden of financing and had to wait more than fifteen years, until the operator model dropped the first profits. Since 1970 Cofiroute has built over 800 km of highways in western France. Moreover, it has the 1988 first motorway stations ( 107.7 - music and traffic ) was established. The activities of 65 percent Vinci daughter today covers Europe, North and South America and to a lesser extent in Asia.

The road toll in France is divided into five different classes, which is composed of the nature, height and weight of the vehicle or vehicle combination:

• Class 1 (light commercial vehicles ): Vehicles with a total height of less than 2 m, with a gross vehicle weight of up to 3.5 tonnes. All teams with a total height up to 2 m with a towing vehicle up to 3.5 tonnes gross vehicle weight.
• Class 2 (medium vehicles): Vehicles with a total height of more than 2 m and less than 3 m, with a gross vehicle weight of up to 3.5 tonnes. All teams with a total height of about 2 m and 3 m to a towing vehicle up to 3.5 tonnes gross vehicle weight.
• Class 3 ( trucks and buses with two axles on the A14 motorway all buses with two axles in Class 4 are classified ): vehicles with two axles with a total height up to 3 m or a gross vehicle weight over 3.5 tonnes.
• Class 4 ( trucks and buses with three or more axles ): Vehicles with more than two axles and a height of 3 m or a gross vehicle weight of over 3.5 tonnes. All teams from a total height of 3 m. All teams with a towing vehicle over 3.5 tonnes gross vehicle weight.
• Class 5: Motorcycles ( with or without sidecar ) and trikes

In France in 2009 decided the Fillon government under President Nicolas Sarkozy, the introduction of a truck toll. The French Prime Minister Jean -Marc Ayrault has announced the end of October 2013 ", a nationwide suspension" of the plans. The French state budget had been scheduled for 2014 revenue of around 1.2 billion euros. Case of a suspension France threaten significant recourse claims of the operator consortium.

Italy

In Italy, the pedaggio for most highways will be charged. Roads with freeway sign on a green background are toll roads usually charged with a blue background.

Most routes are operated in a closed system. The amount of the toll is determined according to the distance traveled and used road and the vehicle class. Routes with high construction and maintenance costs are higher tolls. A few routes are operated in an open system. Here, only a lump sum is for a section with multiple connection points or an entire highway, regardless of the distance traveled, collected.

For the payment of the toll it takes in a closed system at the entrance station at an ATM a toll card. This one introduces at the exit station in the local machine and pay the tolls calculated. In the open system is either collected as well or only at the entry or exit, or in the middle of a route section. In both systems, the toll bar, with Italian bank card, credit card or with a credit card to be paid, which is also available outside of Italy. Users who do not wish to pay using any of the methods of payment, attach an on -board unit called telepass in the car or on the motorcycle, reporting every entrance and exit to the highway to the toll station.

Croatia

For all motorways in Croatia a distance-based toll ( Cestarina ) must be paid. In addition, the Učka tunnel and the Krk bridge for a fee. To this end result is 2011 or the expressway from Koper (Slovenia ) from junction Umag to Pula.

Norway

In Norway, there is no general duty tolls on public roads. However, it is common for the use of the newly built engineering structures ( tunnels, bridges ) as well as newly constructed or the renovated road sections subject to a temporary toll until the respective building is paid off (usually about 10 to 15 years). Subsequently, the toll stations are broken down.

However, some private streets are unlimited toll. Examples of this are the likes used by tourist streets Peer Gynt Vegen and Jotunheimvegen.

In addition, there is congestion charge rings around Oslo, Bærum, Tønsberg, Kristiansand, Stavanger, Haugaland, mountains and Namsos (as of 2010). The compilation of the congestion charge is increasingly being set exclusively on an automatic payment method called Auto Pass, which works with an on -board unit. A cash or card payment at toll plazas is then no longer possible. Foreign motorists can pay at gas stations either shortly before or after the toll, toll, or it is the toll levied by a debt collection company without surcharges later by invoice. Some communities dispense with foreign vehicles on the toll collection.

Since 2009, there for foreign motorists also the possibility of a temporary participation in the car pass procedure. Here, no on -board unit is necessary, but when registering the mark is registered and recorded automatically when driving through a toll station on the car pass track. Are charged to credit card.

Poland

In Poland, the main routes of the A1, A2 and A4 will be by enactment toll both for individuals as well as for trucks. The remaining A6, A8 and A18 as well as the highways and selected portions of the national roads will be toll for trucks.

Should be distinguished on the highways must be between which the concessionaire and those operated by the state GDDKiA sections. The run by private companies motorway sections are usually more expensive than those operated by the GDDKiA. In addition, the passenger and freight cars, the toll must be paid manually at toll plazas is located on privately owned sections. On the state-operated highway, all expressways as well as selected national road sections, an electronic distance toll collection system is set up for all motor vehicles that has replaced the vignette toll for trucks from 1 July 2011 and from June 1, 2012 in parallel for cars to the manual toll payment can be used at toll booths. The costs are electronically from the mileage with the help of toll bridges and the required in-vehicle viaBOX ( trucks) and viaAUTO ( cars). In future, this named as viaTOLL system be introduced at the privately run motorway sections.

To avoid accidental payment can at points of sale free aluminum ' safe ' to be picked up, in which then the viaBOX should be kept.

Slovakia

Since 1995 in Slovakia take a toll on the motorways and expressways. For all vehicles under 3.5 tonnes fees imposed by a vignette system. In addition to the vignette ( 50, - € (2013 ) ), there is still one-month vignettes, as well as 10 - day vignette for 10, - Euro ( 2013). Motorcycles are toll-free. Non- toll roads are characterized by the traffic sign BEZ ÚHRADY.

For trucks, the system was replaced with the beginning of 2010 by a system on the GPS base.

Slovenia

In Slovenia all motorways (Slovene Avtocesta ) and the Karawankentunnel through the toll Cestnina are chargeable.

On 1 July 2008 Slovenia introduced a vignette on the Austrian model. There was the vignette as a year (55 € ) and semi-annual variation (35 euros ), which led to severe criticism of domestic and foreign automobile clubs. Background was that Slovenia issued no vignette with shorter duration. Thus, a more expensive ride back and forth around 27 euros compared to the distance-based tolls.

From 1 July 2009, for passenger cars in addition to the equally new week vignette around 15 euros a one-month vignette, which costs 30 euros, introduced. In turn, the price of the annual vignette of 55 was increased to 95 euros and half-yearly vignette abgeschafft.Für wheeled vehicles it is an annual vignette for 47,50 Euro, half -year vignette for 25 euros and a weekly vignette for 7.50 euros. (As of 2013)

As of 2014, the prices for the annual sticker for cars from 95 to 110 euros, with two wheeled vehicle, from 47.50 to 55.50 euros, as well as the half-year vignette for single-track vehicle from 25 to 30 euros to change.

Spain

In Spain, a part of the highways is chargeable. Tolls (Spanish Peaje ) depends on the length of the route and collected at toll booths. Toll Roads are the privately built Autopistas substantially. Operated by the public sector autovías are always free. Non- toll roads are also of the regions (Autonomous Communities of Spain ) maintained highways, such as the ring roads in the urban centers. Paid on the other hand are the radial highways that are around Madrid relieve the existing autovías.

Czechia

In the Czech Republic is on highways and motorways for all vehicles up to 3.5 tonnes except motorcycles and trikes a toll sticker. The amount of the toll is based on the total weight of the motor vehicle and possibly a trailer. There are annual, monthly, 10 -day vignettes.

The price of the 10 - day vignette rose in 2012 to 310 crowns. The month Vignette costs 440 crowns, the annual vignette 1,500 crowns.

Which has existed since 2007 for vehicles over 12 t distance-based tolls on motorways and dual carriageways, was expanded in 2010 to vehicles over 3.5 tonnes. You will be billed via a microwave system. In the vehicle, you need to premid a box, which are available at gas stations.

The toll was until 2011 an average of 5 crowns (about 0,20 € ) per kilometer. 2012 was increased by 25 %.

Turkey

Six Turkish motorways ( Turkish otoyol ) are toll roads. On these a distance-based toll must be paid. Tunnel and expensive buildings are not separately covered with tolls, except the two Bosphorus bridges in Istanbul. Apart from a general highway toll, there is no other fees on Turkish roads. Highways are toll-free.

The revenue from tolls was in the current year 2005 231 million Turkish lira and is at the end of the year are according to state estimates at 350 million YTL. The Bosphorus bridges used over 90 million vehicles and the toll roads over 80 million vehicles.

Hungary

In Hungary, is levied on the M1, M3, M5, M6, M7, M30 and M35 toll for all vehicles. For cars there are vignettes for ten days, a month or a year. The registration number of the car is stored and you only receive a confirmation. Nothing is glued behind the windshield, checking the toll paid is carried out electronically via the registered mark. The flag is thereby saved without separators, so for example, between "G- ULF1 " and " GU- LF1 " are not distinguished. The toll can be paid at almost any gas station. The booking of the toll fee is by credit card over the Internet.

Since 1 July 2013, a distance-based electronic system in Hungary is levied on specified sections of the road network (motorways, highways and national roads ) in a total length of 6513 km. The amount of distance-based toll depends on the type of road used by the vehicle category (J2, J3, J4 ) and the environmental class.

In order to participate in the Hungarian truck toll system, there are two different options: automatic and manual route reservation. In the manual route booking has to be made ​​between the log-on at a toll station terminal and the posting through an Internet portal of HU- GO.

Automatic log on a voluntarily installed on- board unit. This is known as a GPS / GPRS based toll. This means that the toll rate is determined by satellite navigation and for settlement via mobile phone to the central computer of the operator of on-board equipment such as GPS -ART Kft shall transmit the processed data to the AAK so that it can move in the distance toll. These can be the shipping company initially its toll vehicles at HU -GO register online. They can be installed before or after the registration by an authorized on-board contractors.

Other European countries

Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Sweden levy a truck toll system according to Euro vignette. In Belgium, the Öresund bridge in the Netherlands Westerschelde tunnel, as well as in Denmark, the Great Belt Bridge in addition to the Liefkenshoektunnel, Denmark / Sweden charges.

• In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the distance-dependent Cestarina / Putarina will be charged for all vehicles on the A1. However, it is still not a closed toll system, as not built at all entrances and exits to toll booths.
• In Bulgaria, for all motor vehicles for the use of the whole road network (excluding urban roads ) the purchase of a vignette (Bulgarian: Винетка, in Latin script Vinetka ) prescribed. In the vignette obligation is usually noted by corresponding blue - white signs at the beginning of a vignette subject road. In addition to all motor vehicles for the use of the Danube bridge between Rousse (Bulgaria) and Giurgiu ( Romania) ( E70/E85 ) fees are paid.
• In Greece, for the A1, A6, A7, A8, A9 Diodia charged. For A2, the first and only toll plaza on September 14, 2010 were opened.
• In the UK, a toll is charged for 13 bridges, for example, on the Dartford Crossing. Furthermore, the M6 Toll is assigned a toll north of Birmingham.
• In Macedonia, a distance-dependent Patarina is levied on most sections of motorway.
• In the Netherlands, a kilometer -based charge should be introduced for all roads from 2011. This is temporarily placed back on ice.
• In Portugal is levied on most of the highways and major bridges a distance-dependent Portagem. In addition to the usual cash since 1991 and the electronic debiting system Via Verde in operation.
• In Romania, all motorists for the entire Romanian road network need Rovinieta. Drivers can vignettes for a day (for trucks ), 7 days, 30 days, 90 days and 12 months to acquire. The prices of the annual vignette vary depending on vehicle type.
• In Serbia, a distance-based toll (Serbian Putarina ) is levied on all highways. By 2008, the fees for vehicles with foreign license plates were higher than for domestic vehicles. Since 2009 apply to foreign and Serbian vehicles the same charges.

Toll systems outside Europe

• In Argentina, a toll is levied on some highways.
• In Australia, there are a few toll roads, such as the CityLink in Melbourne. It is like in the U.S. to privately funded road construction.
• In Brazil, many federal roads are mainly in the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (which may be expanded in urban areas as motorways) toll road. Toll roads are in very good conditions, in contrast to the toll-free. The toll is levied at toll booths in cash. International credit cards rarely work.
• In Chile, a flat-rate toll is levied on all motorways and expressways on switched- pay stations. A special feature is the metropolitan region of Santiago de Chile dar. In the urban area toll bridges are on the carriageway erected which are highlighted by blue spotlights. Each vehicle must have a transponder, then the charges will be collected on the monthly basis. In the absence of these transponders is flashed and additionally charged a penalty, if the indicator is not reported to the Concessionaire.
• In India ( expressways ) and developed multi-track sections of the trunk road network ( National Highways ) are collected tolls on most highways. The usage charges of Expressways are generally higher than that of the national highways. Settlement takes place mostly in cash, some toll booths on RFID transponders.
• In Israel pay for the privately built highway No. 6 toll. There is here no toll booths, the charges will be via transponder (cheapest ), ( expensive) offset plate capture with previous registration or license plate recognition with possession Out Research ( most expensive ). Foreign flags are not provided in this system, as such are hardly traveling in Israel.
• In Japan, is required on many highways, bridges, tunnels and scenic roads a relatively high fee.
• In Canada, of the 108 km long Highway 407ETR that runs through the Greater Toronto area in east-west direction, Canada's first toll motorway. On the ETR ( Express Toll Route ) there is no payment agencies; the charges will be determined during the up and down either via transponder or automatic number plate recognition. The amount of the toll fee depends inter alia on the time of day.
• In Mexico, one selects the highways between two types of roads: cuota ( toll) or libre (toll-free ), the toll roads are well equipped at toll plazas in a much better condition, free of sharp curves and steep inclines and with emergency phones and towing services. Recently, toll motorways were built without direct through-roads through small villages and are therefore also entirely free from speed bumps ( topes ). Billing is on paid roads when passing through toll stations by cash or the IAVE card. The latter is cash and expects the toll directly on the credit card. The toll roads in Mexico are relatively expensive, so that the free sections are crowded with trucks. The toll roads are worthwhile mainly because of the time savings.
• In Namibia, a vehicle- dependent toll is levied on entry of an unregistered vehicle in Namibia. For registered vehicles in Namibia, the road tax is paid by the motor vehicle tax and fuel taxes.
• In Peru, the Panamericana is chargeable for all vehicles.
• In Singapore, the entrance is to the city center for all vehicles subject to charges. Billing is carried out via a transponder.
• In South Africa, is levied on some routes, such as tunnels, sections on motorways and the Chapman 's Peak Drive, a vehicle- dependent toll.
• In South Korea, there is a dense network of very well-developed highways ( expressways ), these are chargeable. You pay per use depending on the route, is charged when leaving the motorway - in cash or electronically. In addition, a separate toll for the passage of the three Namsan tunnel in the capital Seoul, connect different neighborhood north and south of Namsan Mountain, collected.
• In Thailand, the expressways and Motorways are toll roads. As in France, there is a toll route with toll booths.
• In the United Arab Emirates in 2007 certain routes have so far only in Dubai since July toll, especially parts of the Sheik Zayed Road. Here are the vehicles through RFID technology at certain points - the so-called Toll Bridges - recorded by the operator Salik.
• In the United States, many roads are toll roads. Especially in the East and California streets, called tollways and turnpikes, bridges and tunnels are privately financed. The price of crossing the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco is five dollars in the direction of downtown. The opposite direction is free. The Boston Harbor tunnel costs two dollars. In some cities, a congestion charge on the model of London is planned. The Chicago sticker for $ 75 is already in place. A practiced in the U.S. method is to offer two parallel streets, one of which is chargeable. This is also known as value pricing. There are different models: usually have cars that are occupied by only one person, pay for the use of toll roads, while the use of vehicles with two or more people is free ( high- occupancy vehicle lane ).
• In Vietnam tolls at motorway-like roads ( expressways ) are paid at toll stations by cash or smartcard.

Toll evasion

The toll evasion is the legal term for driving on toll roads without paying the toll. In Austria, according to § 20 Federal Road Tolls Act an administrative offense, punishable by a fine of 400 up to 4000 euro.