University of Tartu

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The University of Tartu (Estonian Tartu Ülikool, Tartu is called in Swedish and German Dorpat ) is the oldest university in Estonia whose only comprehensive university. It was founded in 1632 by King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden.

  • 4.1 professors
  • 4.2 Alumni
  • 5.1 Older representations
  • 5.2 basic works
  • 5.3 Special aspects

Name and language

Former names of the University are Gustaviana Academia (1632-1665), Academia Gustavo - Carolina (1690-1710), Imperial University of Dorpat ( Imperatorskij Derptskij Universitet, 1802-1893 ), Imperial University Yuriev ( Imperatorskij Jur'evskij Universitet, 1893-1918 ), University of Tartu Estonian Republic ( Eesti Vabariigi Tartu Ülikool, 1919-1940 ) and Tartu State University (Tartu Riiklik Ülikool, 1940-1941 and 1944-1989 ).

Founded as the University as Academia Gustaviana 1632 by King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden. At the founding period, the city bore the name " Dorpat " ( estn Tartu), so that the university under the name University of Tartu was known throughout Europe. After the re- foundation in 1802 it was called then Imperial University of Dorpat and was from 1802 until the 1890s, a largely German -speaking university, mainly trained the German -Baltic and Russian-German middle class, which increasingly Estonians studying at her in German. During the general Russification 1893 Russian was introduced as a teaching language and renamed the facility in Yuriev University. After the country's independence from Russia in 1918/19, it is called University of Tartu and Estonian is the first university in the world. The language of instruction was thus initially a long time mainly German, Russian, and then from 1893 since 1918 mainly Estonian.

History

Swedish establishment time (1632 )

Already 1583-1601, when Livonia was still under Polish rule, there was a Jesuit high school in Dorpat. Founded as the University as Academia Gustaviana 1632 by King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden as part of the Swedish colonial policy. Livonia, and with it the city of Dorpat had just been conquered by Sweden. The Academia Gustaviana Dorpatensis was the second oldest university in the then Swedish territory by the University of Uppsala (1477 ) and the third oldest was as Swedish Pomerania in 1648 with the local University of Greifswald ( 1456 ) was Swedish.

The former university in Dorpat existed but only relatively short and was later moved Pärnu ( estn Pärnu ). 1710, the company was all set after Livonia had come in the Great Northern War under Russian rule.

Tsarist Empire (1802-1918)

The present territory of Estonia was at that time a branch of the Russian tsarist empire, although the Estonian- and / or German-speaking residents continue weiterpflegten their way of life and customs. On the initiative of the German -Baltic chivalry, the university was re-established in 1802 in the province of Livonia as Imperial University of Dorpat by the reform- minded Tsar Alexander I.. First curator of the university was standing in the Russian service German poet Friedrich Maximilian Klinger, Founding Rector was born in France doctor Georg Friedrich Parrot.

The University of Dorpat was 1802-1893 a German -language university - administratively, although Russian, intellectually and in terms of the teaching staff but a German university (of the 30 German universities in 1875, of which 23 were in the German Reich, Dorpat was the eleventh-largest, over 50 % the professors were " German Reich " and another 40 % German Balts ). In teaching, the university was not only the total Baltic nobility ( in the provinces of Estonia and Courland, there was no other university) and the educated middle class, but also - and from the perspective of the state above all - civil servants and doctors for the entire Russian Empire. Scientific was the University of Dorpat, the experienced about 1860-1880 it's "Golden Age" ( among them Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann, Gustav Teichmüller, Wilhelm Ostwald and Karl Ernst von Baer), viewed internationally.

Today visible sign of the close interdependence of the university with Germany are important university buildings from the 19th century dar. Between 1804 and 1809 according to plans by the university architect Johann Wilhelm Krause were ( born in 1757 in Lower Silesia, in 1828 died in Dorpat ) the main university building, the interior of the auditorium of the master craftsman Christian wood from Greifswald created, and the Dorpat observatory built in 1811. Under the direction of the astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve significant and Johann Heinrich Mädler she became one of the leading astronomical research facilities. The botanical garden, one of the oldest of its kind in Eastern Europe, was founded in 1803 by Gottfried Albrecht Germann and 1806 moved to its present location. The Anatomicum (Tartu ) (1805, planning of Krause ) formed the basis of many other appropriate buildings in Europe and was used until the late 1990s for medical education.

This freedom ended when Russia began to dominate nationalist and nation-state trends and maintaining the homogeneity of education in Russia is more important than obtaining a German- Estonian University on an international level. Therefore Between 1882 and 1893 there was a Russification that included a commitment to teaching exclusively in Russian; but the theological faculty was allowed to teach until 1916 in German, because the Russian Orthodox Church wanted to prevent the dissemination of Lutheran ideas in Russia. Within the general Russification in the Tsarist Empire, the city and the university in 1893 was renamed " Yuriev ". The majority of German employees, professors and students left the university. The college was as a Russian-speaking university Yuriev until the end of the 1st World War in 1918. Before 1918 German troops occupied Tartu, part of the University was evacuated to Voronezh in Russia, especially the university collections, but also some of the staff and students. 39 professors, 45 university teachers, 43 other employees and about 800 students from Tartu - mostly Russians - that formed the basis of the newly founded State University Voronezh. In Tartu even the university was re-opened for a portion of the winter semester 1918/19, under German occupation as the State University of Dorpat.

Estonia (since 1919)

In 1919, the university in the newly created State University of Tartu in Estonia as the National University and remained in the subsequent Soviet era, the most important university in Estonia. The recovery of full academic independence can be dated to 1992, although since 1988 undisturbed research could be made. Since the 1990s it has made ​​many structural changes ( changing according to the American, Scandinavian and Central European model ) and sees itself as part of Europe's knowledge landscape. In particular, the Bologna process, the integration of the University of Tartu has promoted in the European Higher Education Area in the field of study.

Today, the University of Tartu is the only comprehensive university in Estonia and one of the oldest in Eastern and Northern Europe. She is a member of the Coimbra Group and the Utrecht Network.

Partner universities

Partner universities of the University of Tartu are the members of the Coimbra Group and other universities: Germany Georg -August- University of Göttingen Germany Ernst- Moritz- Arndt University of Greifswald Germany University of Hamburg Germany Christian -Albrechts- University of Kiel Germany German Sport University Cologne University of Konstanz, Germany Germany Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Finland University of Helsinki Finland University of Turku Netherlands University of Amsterdam Netherlands University of Groningen Russia Moscow State University Russia State University of Saint Petersburg Sweden University of Gothenburg Sweden Lund University Sweden Uppsala University

Notable people

Professors

  • Hermann von Abich, geologist and mineralogist
  • Walter Anderson, folklorist
  • Ernst von Bergmann, physicians
  • Erdmann Gustav von Broecker, legal scholars
  • Alexander Brückner, historian
  • Rudolf Buchheim, pharmacologist
  • Karl Friedrich Burdach, physician, anatomist and physiologist
  • Karl Books, economist, sociologist, and scholars studying the
  • Alexander von Bunge, botanist
  • Friedrich Georg von Bunge, legal scholars
  • Christoph Christian of Dabelow, legal scholars
  • Wolfgang Drechsler, management scientists
  • Jaan Einasto, astrophysicists
  • Gustav von Ewers (1779-1830), legal scholar
  • Peter Helm Ling (1817-1901), mathematician
  • Gottlob Benjamin Jasche (1762-1842), philosopher
  • Emil Kraepelin, a psychiatrist and a psychologist
  • Johann Wilhelm Krause, architect and agronomist
  • Jaan Kross, writer
  • Otto Küstner, physician, gynecologist
  • Etienne Laspeyres, an economist
  • Franz Loewinson - Lessing, geologist, petrologist
  • Wilhelm Lexis, Economist and actuaries
  • Carl Friedrich Ledebour, botanist
  • Karl Otto von Madai, lawyer
  • Juri Lotman, a semiotician
  • Karl Morgenstern, Library Director
  • Alexander von Oettingen, theologian, much as a statistician
  • Arthur von Oettingen, physicists
  • Georg von Oettingen, physicians
  • Eduard Osenbrüggen, legal scholars
  • Friedrich Parrot, physicians and physicists
  • Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, physicians
  • Carl Schirren, historians
  • Hermann Adolf Alexander Schmidt, physiologist
  • Carl Ernst Heinrich Schmidt, a chemist
  • Ludwig von Strümpell, philosopher and educator
  • Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve, astronomer
  • Gustav Tammann, chemists
  • August Thieme, linguist, poet
  • Mikk Titma, sociologist
  • Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann, physicians, much as a physiologist
  • Adolph Wagner, economist, statistician and catheter socialist

Alumni

  • Betti Alver, writer
  • August Johann Gottfried Bielenstein, theologian and linguist Latvian
  • Gustav von Bunge, scientists and physicians
  • Vladimir Ivanovich Dal, physician and Russian philologist
  • Georg Dehio, art historian
  • Walter von Engelhardt, landscape architect
  • Woldemar August Engelmann, lawyer
  • Friedrich Robert Faehlmann, physician and explorer of the Estonian language
  • Hellmuth Frey, theologian
  • Axel von Freytagh - Loringhoven, lawyer and German politicians
  • Carl Friedrich Glasenapp, Wagner researchers
  • Christopher of Güntersberg, General
  • Adolf von Harnack, theologian
  • Nicolai Hartmann, philosopher
  • Carl Hiekisch, geographer and ethnologist
  • Jakob Hurt, pastor and linguist
  • Paul Keres, chess player
  • Friedrich Reinhold Kreutz forest, physician and writer
  • Alberts Kviesis, Latvian Statesman
  • Emil Lenz, physicist
  • Walter Masing, physicists
  • Lennart Meri, Statesman
  • Leo Michelson, painter
  • Wilhelm Ostwald (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909)
  • Juhan Parts, politicians
  • Walther Paucker, priest and martyr
  • Georg von Rauch ( historian ), historian
  • Grigol Robakidze, Georgian writer
  • Oswald Schmiedeberg, pharmacologist
  • Otto Strandman, Statesman
  • Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve, astronomer
  • Anton Hansen Tammsaare, writer
  • Eduard Toll, polar explorer
  • Valentin Tomberg, mystics
  • Jakob Johann von Uexküll, biologist
  • Siegfried von Vegesack, writer
  • Arthur Võõbus, theologian and orientalist
Baltic governorates Governorate of Livonia Governorate of Estonia Courland Governorate Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve Nationalism Nation state Walter Anderson (folklorist) Feodor Yulievich Levinson-Lessing Carl Friedrich von Ledebour Carl Otto von Madai Nikolay Pirogov August Rauber Alexander Schmidt (physiologist) Carl Schmidt (chemist) Leopold von Schroeder Siim Kallas Andrus Ansip Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald Boris Meissner Georg von Rauch (historian) Estonian Academy of Arts Estonian Maritime Academy International University Audentes Integrated Authority File
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