Bryophyllum
Bryophyllum calycinum Panel from the first description of 1805
The brood leaves ( Bryophyllum ) are a section in the plant genus Kalanchoe, of the family Crassulaceae ( Crassulaceae ). Characteristic features are the leaf buds formed in the indentations of the leaf margins, and mostly hanging flowers.
Description
The species of section Bryophyllum are terrestrial or epiphytic growing biennial or perennial succulent plants, rarely are subshrubs or shrubs. Most of the stem is upright. For climbing and twining species the stem is thin and is often several meters long. The opposite or whorls (usually three leaves ) arranged leaves are succulent, simple, lobed, or pinnate pinnatisect. In the recesses of the leaf margins often brood buds are formed. Usually a petiole is present. Stipules absent.
The terminal or axillary inflorescences are composed screen grapes or rarely rispenähnlich and contain few to many flowers. In the notches of the leaves or the axils of the inflorescence leaf buds are often formed. The large, mostly drooping, stalked flowers are cruciform and hermaphrodite. The four sepals are rarely free, but usually fused into a campanulate or blistered swollen tube. The four petals form a mostly straight or slightly extended corolla tube, which ends in four roundish, oval, triangular protruding or recurved petal tips, these are usually shorter, rarely longer than the calyx tube. There are two circle each provided with four stamens; these appear to be below the center of the corolla, rarely above attached. The four carpels are free or fused at their base. The stylus is longer than the carpels. There are scales available nectar. The four follicles contain many seeds.
Distribution and systematics
With the exception of Kalanchoe adelae, which is also common in the Comoros, come all kinds of Madagascar, where they are endemic. Kalanchoe daigremontiana, Kalanchoe pinnata and Kalanchoe prolifera are wild in many tropical areas.
The following types can be sure the section assign Bryophyllum:
- Kalanchoe adelae Raym. - Hamet
- Kalanchoe ambolensis Humbert
- Kalanchoe beauverdii Raym. - Hamet
- Kalanchoe bergeri Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe bogneri roughness
- Kalanchoe bouvetii Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe campanulata ( Baker) Baill.
- Kalanchoe curvula Desc.
- Kalanchoe cymbifolia Desc.
- Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe delagoensis Eckl. & Zeyh.
- Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe gas tonis - bonnieri Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe germanae Raym. - Hamet ex Raadts
- Kalanchoe laetivirens Desc.
- Kalanchoe laxiflora Baker
- Kalanchoe macrochlamys H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe manginii Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe marnieriana H.Jacobsen
- Kalanchoe miniata Hils. & Boii ex Tul.
- Kalanchoe pinnata ( Lam. ) Pers.
- Kalanchoe poincarei Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe prolifera ( Bowie ex Hook. ) Raym. - Hamet
- Kalanchoe pseudocampanulata Mannoni & Boiteau
- Kalanchoe pubescens Baker
- Kalanchoe rolandi - bonapartei Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe rosei Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe rubella ( Baker) Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe sanctula Desc.
- Kalanchoe schizophylla ( Baker) Baill.
- Kalanchoe serrata Mannoni & Boiteau
- Kalanchoe streptantha Baker
- Kalanchoe suarezensis H.Perrier
- Kalanchoe uniflora ( Stapf ) Raym. - Hamet
- Kalanchoe waldheimii Raym. - Hamet & H.Perrier
Botanical history
Richard Anthony Salisbury wrote in 1805 the first description of Bryophyllum calycinum (now a synonym for Kalanchoe pinnata ) and presented at the same time the new genus Bryophyllum on. The scientific name of the genus is sprouting forming sheet and is derived from the Greek words βρύω ( bryein = sprout, grow ) from and φύλλον ( phyllon = leaf ).
The taxonomic classification of the genus Kalanchoe is problematic and not yet completed. This concerns in particular the question of whether Bryophyllum should be treated as a separate genus or as a section of the genus Kalanchoe.
Raymond - Hamet presented in 1907 as the first species of the genus Bryophyllum formally in the genus Kalanchoe. Pierre Octave Mannoni Boiteau and combined 1948/49, the genera Bryophylloum and Kitchingia with Kalanchoe and gave them according to the rules of nomenclature, the rank of the sections.
Alwin Berger and August Theodor Harms, however, held in 1930 in its treatment of the family of the Crassulaceae for Adolf Engler the The natural plant families the status of Bryophyllum as a separate genus upright.
A modern monograph of the genus Kalanchoe missing.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe learned Bryophyllum calycinum in the Botanical Gardens Belvedere know. There he observed in 1818 the formation of small plantlets which grew out of the leaf margins of the mother plant. Until his death, he continued to be interested, show how posthumous manuscripts, with the plant. At Marianne von Willemer, which he sent 1826 Journal, he wrote a short " care instructions ":
Medical use
The Kalanchoe pinnata and Kalanchoe species daigremontianum find medical use. For decades, in particular Kalanchoe pinnata is in anthroposophic medicine for labor inhibition ( tocolysis ) used. Numerous other positive properties are described, such as the effectiveness in leishmaniasis, jaundice ( hepatitis), high blood pressure ( arterial hypertension ) and in wound healing. Kalanchoe pinnata is therefore long been used in traditional medicine in Africa, India, China and Australia. In addition, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, immunosuppressive, anti-mutagenic effects against tumors and are described, some of which, however, are still the subject of experimental studies.