List of state leaders in 1661

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Africa

• Ethiopia Kaiser ( Negus Nagast ): Fasilides ( 1632-1667 )

• Bamum ( in present-day Cameroon) King: Kigeri II (1648-1672)

• Bornu ( in present-day Niger) Sefuwa Dynasty King / May: Ali II (1639-1677)

• Dahomey King: Houegbadja (1645-1685)

• Jolof ( in present-day Senegal) Buur -ba Jolof: Birayma Mba (1649-1670)

• Kano King: Bawa (1660-1670)

• Congo Mani Congo: Garcia II (1642-1661)
• Mani Congo: Antonio I. (1661-1665)

• Morocco ( Alawites ) Sultan Moulay Muhammad al-Sharif (1635-1664)

• Munhumutapa Empire Ruler: Siti Kazurukamusapa (1652-1663)

• Rwanda King: Kigeri II (1648-1672)

• Sultanate of Sennar ( in modern Sudan ) Sultan: Badi II ( 1644/45-1681 )

America

• Brazil Governor General Francisco Barreto de Meneses (1657-1663)

• Viceroyalty of New Spain Viceroy Juan Francisco de Leyva y de la Cerda (1660-1664)

• Viceroyalty of Peru Viceroy Luis Enríquez de Guzmán (1655-1661) (1650-1653 Viceroy of New Spain )
• Viceroy: Diego de Benavides y de la Cueva (1661-1666)

Asia

• Burma Arakan King: Sanda Thudhamma (1652-1674)

• King: Pindale (1648-1661)
• King: Pye (1661-1672)

• Brunei Sultan Abdul Mubin (1660-1673)

• China ( Qing Dynasty ) Kaiser: Shunzhi (1644-1661) (1643-1661 Great Khan of the Manchu )
• Emperor: Kangxi (1661-1722)

• Georgia Imereti King Vakhtang I. Tschutschunaschwili (1660-1661, 1668 )
• King: Vamek III. Dadiani of Samegrelo (1661 ) ( 1658-1661 Prince of Samegrelo )
• King: Archil (1661-1663, 1678-1679, 1690-1691, 1695-1696, 1698-1699)

• King Vakhtang V. (1658-1675)

• Prince: Vamek III. Dadiani (1658-1661) (1661 King of Imereti )
• Prince Levan III. Dadiani (1661-1681)

• India Ahom ( Assam ) King: Sutamla (1648-1663)

• Bijapur Sultan Ali Adil Shah II (1656-1672)

• Sultan Abdullah Qutb Shah (1626-1672)

• Nayak: Muthu Alakadri Nayak (1659-1662)

• Mughal emperor: Aurangzeb (1658-1707)

• Maharaja: Dodda Kempadevaraja (1659-1673)

• Interim Governing Council: Manuel Mascarenhas Homem, Francisco de Melo e Castro, António de Sousa Coutinho (1656-1661)
• Interim Government: Luís de Mendonça Furtado e Albuquerque, Manuel Mascarenhas, Pedro de Lencastre (1661 )
• Interim Government: Luís de Mendonça Furtado e Albuquerque, António de Melo e Castro, Pedro de Lencastre (1661-1662)

• Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III. (1623-1677)

• Governor General: Joan Maetsuycker (1653-1678) (1646-1660 Dutch Governor of Ceylon )

• Japan Emperor ( Tenno ): Go- Sai ( 1655-1663 )
• Shogun: Tokugawa Ietsuna (1651-1680)

• Cambodia King: Barom Reachea V. (1659-1672)

• Kazakh Khanate Khan: Batyr (1652-1680)

• Korea ( Joseon Dynasty ) King: Hyeonjong (1659-1674)

• Lan Xang (now Laos) King: Sulingvongse (1638-1690)

• Nepal Bhaktapur King: Jagat Prakash Malla (1644-1673)

• King Pratap Malla (1641-1674)

• King Siddhi Narasimha (1620-1661)
• King: Srinivasa Malla (1661-1685)

• Persia ( Safavid dynasty ) Shah Abbas II (1642-1666)

• Philippines Maguindanao Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat (1619-1671) (1645-1648 Sultan of Sulu )

• Sri Lanka Kandy King Rajasinha II (1629-1687)

• Governor: Ryklof van Goens (1660-1661, 1663, 1664-1675 )
• Governor Adriaan van der Meijden (1653-1660, 1661-1663)

• Thailand ( Ayutthaya ) King Narai (1656-1688)

• Vietnam Cao Bằng (Mac Dynasty) Ruler: Mac Kinh Vũ (1638-1677)

• King: Lê Than Tông (1619-1643, 1649-1662)

• Ruler: Nguyễn Phúc Tan (1648-1687)

• Ruler: Trinh Tac (1657-1682)

Europe

• Andorra Co - Prince: King of France Louis XIV (1643-1715)
• Bishop of Urgell Joan Manuel de Espinosa (1655-1663)

• Denmark and Norway King Friedrich III. (1648-1670) (1634-1648 Administrator of Bremen, 1623-1629, 1634-1648 Administrator of Verden)

• England, Ireland and Scotland King: Charles II (1660-1685)

• France King Louis XIV (1643-1715)

• Holy Roman Empire King and Emperor Leopold I. (1658-1705) (1657-1705 King of Bohemia, 1657-1705 Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary 1657-1705 )
• Electoral College Archbishopric of Cologne Elector Maximilian Henry of Bavaria (1650-1688) (1650-1688 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1650-1688 Bishop of Liege, 1683-1688 Bishop of Münster, 1650-1688 Provost of Berchtesgaden, in 1657 Abbot of Stavelot - Malmedy)

• Elector Johann Philipp von Schönborn (1647-1673) (1663-1673 Bishop of Worms, 1642-1673 Bishop of Würzburg)

• Elector Karl Kaspar von der Leyen (1652-1676)

• Elector Ferdinand Maria (1651-1679)

• Elector: Leopold I (1657-1705) (1658-1705 Emperor, 1657-1705 Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary 1657-1705 )

• Elector Friedrich Wilhelm (1640-1688) (1640-1688 duke of Prussia)

• Elector Karl Ludwig I. (1648-1680)

• Elector Johann Georg II (1656-1680)

• Bishopric of Augsburg Bishop Sigismund Francis of Austria (1646-1665) (1659-1665 Bishop of Trento )

• Bishop: Philipp Valentin Voit of Rieneck (1653-1672)

• Bishop Johann Konrad I of Rye Brook (1656-1693)

• Propst: Maximilian Henry of Bavaria (1650-1688) (1650-1688 Archbishop of Cologne, 1650-1688 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1650-1688 Bishop of Liege, 1683-1688 Bishop of Munster, in 1657 Abbot of Stavelot - Malmedy)

• Bishop Anton of Crosini (1647-1663)

• Archbishop: Gaspard Nemius van den Bosch ou Dubois (1649-1667)

• Bishop: John Flugi of Aspermont (1636-1661)
• Bishop: Ulrich VI. de Mont (1661-1692)

• Abbot Arnold de Valdois IV (1638-1661)
• Abt: Christoph Bernhard von Galen (1661-1678) (1650-1678 Bishop of Münster)

• High - and German masters: Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (1641-1662) (1631-1638 Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1628-1648 Bishop of Halberstadt, 1626-1662 Bishop of Passau, 1626-1662 Bishop of Strasbourg)

• Bishop Marquard II Schenk von Castell (1637-1685)

• Propst: Johann Christoph III. von Freyberg (1660-1674) (1665-1690 Bishop of Augsburg)

• Bishop: Albrecht Sigismund von Bayern (1651-1685) (1668-1685 Bishop of Regensburg )

• Abbot: Joachim Graf Gravenegg (1644-1671)

• Bishop Maximilian Henry of Bavaria (1650-1688) (1650-1688 Archbishop of Cologne, 1650-1688 Bishop of Liege, 1683-1688 Bishop of Münster, 1650-1688 Provost of Berchtesgaden, in 1657 Abbot of Stavelot - Malmedy)

• Abt: Roman Giel of Gielsberg (1639-1673)

• Bishop Franz Johann Vogt of Altensumerau and Prasberg (1645-1689)

• Administrator: Christian Albrecht of Schleswig -Holstein - Gottorp (1655-1666) (1659-1695 Duke of Schleswig -Holstein - Gottorp )

• Bishop Maximilian Henry of Bavaria (1650-1688) (1650-1688 Archbishop of Cologne, 1650-1688 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1683-1688 Bishop of Münster, 1650-1688 Provost of Berchtesgaden, in 1657 Abbot of Stavelot - Malmedy)

• Administrator: August of Saxe- Weissenfels (1638-1680)

• Bishop Christoph Bernhard von Galen (1650-1678) (1661-1678 Abbot of Corvey )

• Bishop Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg (1625-1661) (1631-1648 Bishop of Minden, 1649-1661 Bishop of Regensburg, 1630-1631 Bishop of Verden)

• Bishop: Adolf Dietrich von der Recke (1650-1661)
• Bishop: Ferdinand II of Fürstenberg (1661-1683) (1687-1683 Bishop of Münster)

• Bishop Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (1626-1662) (1631-1638 Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1641-1662 Master of the Teutonic Order, 1628-1648 Bishop of Halberstadt, 1626-1662 Bishop of Strasbourg)

• Bishop Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg (1649-1661) (1631-1648 Bishop of Minden, 1625-1661 Bishop of Osnabrück, 1630-1631 Bishop of Verden)

• Archbishop: Guidobald of Thun (1654-1668) (1666-1668 Bishop of Regensburg )

• Bishop: Lothar Friedrich von Metternich - Burscheid (1652-1675) (1673-1675 Archbishop of Mainz, 1673-1675 Bishop of Worms)

• Abt: Franz Egon von Fürstenberg I. (1657-1682) (1663-1682 Bishop of Strasbourg)

• Bishop Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (1626-1662) (1631-1638 Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1641-1662 Master of the Teutonic Order, 1628-1648 Bishop of Halberstadt, 1626-1662 Bishop of Passau)

• Bishop Sigismund Francis of Austria (1659-1665) (1646-1665 Bishop of Augsburg)

• Bishop: Hugo Everhard Cratz of Scharfstein (1654-1663)

• Bishop Johann Philipp von Schönborn (1642-1673) (1647-1673 Archbishop of Mainz, 1663-1673 Bishop of Worms)

• Principality of Anhalt Anhalt- Bernburg Prince: Victor Amadeus I. (1656-1718)

• Prince Johann Georg II (1660-1693)

• Prince Wilhelm Ludwig (1650-1665)

• Prince: Lebrecht (1654-1665) (1665-1669 Prince of Anhalt - Köthen )
• Prince Emanuel (1654-1665) (1665-1670 Prince of Anhalt - Köthen )

• Prince: John VI. (1621-1667)

• Duke Philipp Franz (1640-1674) ( to 1644 Prince )

• Baden -Baden Margrave Wilhelm (1622-1677)

• Margrave Friedrich VI. (1659-1677)

• Margrave Albrecht II (1634-1667)

• Margrave Christian Ernst (1655-1712)

• Calenberg -Göttingen Duke: Georg Wilhelm (1648-1665) (1665-1705 Duke of Brunswick -Lüneburg )

• Duke Christian Ludwig (1648-1665) (1641-1648 Duke of Braunschweig- Calenberg- Göttingen)

• Duke: August II (1635-1666)

• Landgraf: George II (1626-1661)
• Landgraf: Louis VI. (1661-1678)

• Landgrave Wilhelm VI. (1637-1663)

• Prince: Eitel Frederick II (1623-1661)
• Prince Philipp (1661-1671)

• Prince: Meinrad I. (1638-1681)

• Duke Philipp Wilhelm (1653-1679) (1685-1690 Elector Palatine, 1653-1690 Duke of Palatinate -Neuburg )

• Duke Maximilian Philipp Hieronymus (1650-1705)

• Prince Karl Eusebius (1627-1684)

• Duke: Charles IV (1625-1634, 1641, 1661-1670 )

• Mecklenburg- Güstrow Duke Gustav Adolf (1636-1695) (1636-1648 Administrator of Ratzeburg )

• Duke Christian Ludwig I (1658-1692)

• Ottonian line Nassau -Diez Prince Wilhelm Friedrich (1640-1664) ( to 1654 Count ) ( 1640-1664 governor of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe)

• Prince Ludwig Heinrich (1623-1662) ( to 1654 Count )

• Prince Moritz Heinrich (1653-1679)

• Prince Johann Franz Desideratus (1638-1699) ( before 1652 Count )

• Prince Johann Moritz (1623-1679) ( before 1652 Count )
• Count Georg Friedrich (1623-1674) ( 1664, Prince )

• Archduke Leopold V. (1657-1705) (1658-1705 Emperor 1657-1705 King of Bohemia, King of Hungary 1657-1705 )

• Prince Georg Christian (1660-1665)

• Duke Philipp Wilhelm (1653-1690) (1685-1690 Elector Palatine, 1653-1679 Duke of Jülich and Berg )

• Duke: Christian August (1656-1708)

• Duke Leopold Ludwig (1634-1694)

• Duke Friedrich (1635-1661)
• Duke Friedrich Ludwig (1661-1681)

• Saxe-Altenburg Duke Friedrich Wilhelm II (1639-1669)

• Duke Ernst I. (1640-1672) (1672-1675 Duke of Saxe- Gotha -Altenburg )

• Duke Wilhelm IV (1620-1662)

• Duke Julius Henry (1656-1665)

• Duke Christian Albrecht (1659-1695) (1655-1666 Administrator of Lübeck)

• Duke: Christian Adolf I ( 1653-1667/1702 ) ( 1667 Sonderburg loses to Denmark, 1676-1702 Duke of Schleswig -Holstein -Sonderburg -Franz Hagen)

• Duke Ernst Günther (1627-1689)

• Duke: August Philipp (1627-1675)

• Duke Philipp (1622-1663)

• Duke Johann Bogislaw (1656-1669)

• Duke Joachim Ernst (1622-1671)

• Duke Philipp Ludwig (1627-1689)

• Duke Eberhard III. (1628-1674)

• County of Hanau Count Friedrich Casimir (1642-1685) (1641-1642 Count of Hanau- Lichtenberg)

• Lippe- Biesterfeld Graf: Jobst Hermann (1627-1678)

• Count: Kasimir (1657-1692)

• Count Hermann Adolf (1652-1665)

• Walramische line Nassau- Idstein Count Johann (1629-1677) (1627-1629 Count of Nassau -Saarbrücken -Weilburg )

• Count Johann Ludwig (1659-1690) (1640-1659 Count of Nassau -Saarbrücken )

• Count Gustav Adolf (1640-1677)

• Graf: Walrad (1659-1702) ( from 1688 onwards Prince, 1640-1659, Count of Nassau -Saarbrücken )

• Count Friedrich (1655-1675)

• Count Anton Günther (1603-1667)

• Count Georg Reinhard (1658-1666)

• Reuss elder branch Reuss- Obergreiz Lord Henry I (1629-1681) (from 1673 Count )

• Lord Henry V (1604-1616, 1625-1667) (1616-1625 Lord of Reuss - Greiz, 1643-1667 Lord of Reuss - Burgk )

• Reuss- Gera Lord Henry II (1635-1670)

• Lord Heinrich X. (1647-1671) (1635-1647 Lord of Reuss -Gera )

• Lord Henry I (1647-1666) (1640-1647 Lord of Reuss -Gera, 1666-1673 Lord of Reuss - Schleiz, 1673-1692 Count of Reuss- Schleiz )

• Lord Henry IX. (1647-1666) (1635-1647 Lord of Reuss -Gera )

• Graf: Philip I (1647-1681)

• Count Albert Anton (1646-1710) (1646-1662 under guardianship )
• Regent: Emilie von Oldenburg (1646-1662)

• Graf: Christian Günther II (1642-1666) ( in Arnstadt )
• Count Anton Günther I. (1642-1666) (in special Hausen )
• Count Ludwig Günther II (1642-1681) ( in Ebeleben, 1666 in Arnstadt )

• Count Heinrich Wolrad (1645-1664)

• Graf: Christian Ludwig (1645-1706)
• Graf: Josiah II (1645-1669)

• Italian States Genoa Doge: Gian Bernardo Frugoni (1660-1661)
• Doge: Antoniotto Invrea (1661-1663)

• Duke: Ferrante III. Gonzaga (1632-1678)

• Pope Alexander VII (1655-1667)

• Duke: Philip IV of Spain (1621-1665) Governor: Francesco Caetani (1660-1662) (1662-1667 Viceroy of Sicily)

• Duke Carlo II Gonzaga (1637-1665)

• Prince Carlo I. Cybo - Malaspina (1623-1662)

• Duke Alessandro Pico II (1637-1691)

• Duke Alfonso IV d'Este (1658-1662)

• Duke Carlo II Gonzaga (1637-1665)

• King: Philip IV of Spain (1621-1665) Viceroy Gaspar de Bracamonte Guzmán, Count of Penaranda (1658-1664)

• Duke: Ranuccio II Farnese (1646-1694)

• Prince: Niccolò Ludovisi I. (1634-1664)

• Captains Regent: Alessandro Belluzzi (1651, 1656-1657, 1660, 1666-1667, 1672-1673, 1680, 1687 ) and Giambattista Zampini (1651, 1656-1657, 1660-1661, 1666-1667, 1672-1673, 1680 1687 )
• Captains Regent: Giacomo Belluzzi (1642, 1648, 1652-1653, 1657-1658, 1661, 1666, 1669-1670, 1681) and Cionini Sforza ( 1628, 1632-1633, 1641-1642, 1645, 1655, 1661, 1665 - 1666, 1672-1673 )
• Captains Regent: Carlo Tosini (1647, 1650-1651, 1654-1655, 1661-1662, 1665-1666, 1671-1672, 1675-1676, 1679-1680, 1683-1684 ) and Innocent Bonelli ( 1649, 1652-1653, 1657, 1661-1662, 1667, 1670-1671, 1674-1675, 1678, 1682-1683, 1688, 1692-1693, 1698 )

• Duke: Charles Emmanuel II (1638-1675)

• King: Philip IV of Spain (1621-1665) Viceroy Fernando de Ayala (1660-1662)

• Grand Duke Ferdinando II de ' Medici (1621-1670)

• Doge Domenico Contarini II (1659-1675)

• Monaco Prince: Honoré II (1604-1662)

• Ottoman Empire Sultan Mehmed IV (1648-1687)

• Poland King John II Casimir (1648-1669)

• Portugal King Alfonso VI. (1656-1682), a minor, therefore, for him Luisa Guzmán as regent

• Prussia Duke Friedrich Wilhelm (1640-1688)

• Russia Tsar Alexei I. (1645-1676)

• Sweden King Karl XI. (1660-1697)

• Transylvania controversial rule Prince János Kemény (1661-1662)
• Prince Michael I. Apafi (1661-1690)

• Spain King: Philip IV (1621-1665)

• Hungary King Leopold I. (1657-1705)