Senator for life#Italy

A senator for life in Italy (Italian senatore a vita ) is a member of the Italian Senate ( Senato della Repubblica). The Senate is the second chamber of Parliament in Italy and consists of 315 elected senators and senators for life.

History and Function

The Institute of Senator for life was decided by the Italian National Constituent Assembly on 27 December 1947. According to Article 59, there are two types of senators for life - on its own initiative and by appointment. Every president of Italy of the handover of his office, a senator for life, unless he waived. In addition, each President to appoint senators for life for special merits in the social, scientific, artistic and literary field up to five Italian citizens. The 59th article of the Constitution has not changed since the Constituent National Assembly, but was controversial legal interpretation of the second sentence of the number of senators. President Luigi Einaudi appointed as President of eight senators for life, but he appointed no more than five at a time. The subsequent President of the Republic appointed the senators so that the number of incumbent senators was not more than five. This trend changed with President Sandro Pertini and his successors - the President appointed up to five senators for life, regardless of how many incumbent senators were appointed by their predecessors.

Giorgio Napolitano appointed to his first term only Mario Monti a senator for life, which he thus paved the way into politics and to take over the government. In his second term, he appointed on August 30, 2013 four people from the arts and science. He was criticized by members of the PdL, that was not including Silvio Berlusconi.

From the President of Italy made ​​only Enrico De Nicola and Oscar Luigi Scalfaro of the prerogative to appoint senators for life, no use. All former presidents carried out their duties as a senator for life, until her death. Francesco Cossiga declared on 27 November 2006 his resignation from his office. The resignation, however, was rejected in a vote on 31 January 2007 by the Senate by a majority of 178 votes against and 100 votes for the motion. Among the senators for life by appointment occurred in one case to the Official disclaimer: the conductor Arturo Toscanini gave his retreat known only one day after his appointment. Two people gave up the mandate, after they had been elected by the electoral college for the president of Italy. For this reason, Giovanni Leone (President 1971-1978 ) and Giorgio Napolitano waived (President since 2006). Leone returned to his presidency as a senator for life of its own motion in the Senate back.

Current senators for life

Former senators for life

Monti Cabinet Trilussa
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