Asteraceae

Daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare), herbaceous, Illustration: (2) zygomorphe ray floret with three corolla lobes, (3 ), (4 ) and ( 5) radiärsymmetrische tubular corolla.

The daisy family (Asteraceae or Compositae), also daisy family, Asteraceae or Köpfchenblütler called, are the largest family of the order of the aster -like ( Asterales ) within the angiosperms ( Magnoliopsida ). About 10% of the types of Magnoliopsida belong to the Asteraceae. From the inflorescence form of the German name and the botanical name Compositae Compositae (Latin for, Compound ') are derived.

The Asteraceae family contains about 1600 to 1700 genera and about 24,000 species and is represented worldwide on every continent except Antarctica, in all climates. In Europe it is one of the most species-rich plant families.

  • 7.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

There are mainly one-to two -year or perennial herbaceous plant species, but there are also woody species: subshrubs and shrubs, rarely lianas or trees. There are monocarpic and polykarpische species. There are species in almost every type of habitat, only a few species grow as epiphytes real or aquatic plants. In some taxa, the plants contain latex.

The arrangement of the leaves is usually alternate, rarely opposite or whorled; they are often combined to form a basal rosette. The stalked up seated leaves rarely have simple, often fiederteilige to pinnate leaf blades. They are herbaceous to leathery, sometimes they are converted into thorns. The leaf margin is smooth, wavy, lobed, serrate, serrated or toothed. There are usually no stipules present.

Inflorescences

Summarizes branched, differently constructed total inflorescences are more or less non- paged Blütenstandsschäften the flower baskets or they are individually. Typical for this family are the bloom conditions. The bracts ( involucre ) surrounding the flower heads. The tapered, elongated or flattened inflorescence axis, the cup bottom is bare and smooth or hairy. The basket bottom may sedentary, scale-like bracts, called chaff leaves ( Palea ) have.

The flower heads look like single flowers and blossoms also act ecologically as a whole to attract pollinators; So there are flowers, in which many small individual flowers are summarized. At the edge of flowers Körbchens arranged florets often reinforce the impression that it is the inflorescence is a single flower. A flower basket contains depending on the type one to a thousand flowers. The blossoms of a flower basket evolve and flourish from outside to inside on ( centripetal ).

Flowers

The hermaphrodite or unisexual flowers are usually fünfzählig. The sepals are partially or completely reduced, in many taxa they are transformed into a characteristic crown of hair, or more rarely to a membranous hem; diving apparatus for the fruit is called pappus. The petals are fused into a tube. It's just a circle with three to five fertile stamens present. The stamens are short. The anthers ( anthers ) are fused into a tube and form a typical feature of the family. Two carpels are fused into one inferior ovary. The stylus pen with always two branches, push their way through the anther and the pollen slide it out of the tube with Fegehaaren that are located on the outside or the tip of the stylus. Only after the scar is capable of conception.

There are two basic forms of flowers in the family: radiärsymmetrische tubular flowers ( disc florets ) and zygomorphe ray florets ( ray florets ). Depending on the family, both flower shapes together or only one of them are available.

The flowers formula is or.

Fruits

The fruit is usually a specific type of nut that achene, usually with a pappus, which may be embodied in the form of scales, bristles or hair.

Synecology

Pollination is mainly by insects or by the wind.

The propagation unit ( diaspore ) is the achene. The achenes are distributed either by the wind through the air hair or by animals. For animal spread the involucral bracts form of, for example, in the Great Burdock ( Arctium lappa ) at the top hooks that stick to the fur of mammals or in the clothing of people to fall elsewhere later. This is a special form of Zoochorie, called Epizoochorie.

Ingredients

Many species are rich in essential oils that are located in highly characteristic glandular scales. It is often formed as a reserve inulin.

Use

Individual species of the Asteraceae family and especially their cultural forms are used in many ways. Here is an incomplete list of the plant part, which is primarily used:

  • Endive (Cichorium endivia ): Leaf
  • Cardy or vegetable Artichoke ( Cynara cardunculus ) inflorescence
  • Artichoke ( Cynara scolymus ): inflorescence
  • Jerusalem Artichoke or Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus ) tuber
  • Lettuce (Lactuca sativa sativa convar. ): Leaf
  • Salsify ( Scorzonera hispanica): root
  • Mexican Tarragon (Tagetes lucida )
  • Dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale ) root, leaf
  • Oat root ( Tragopon porrifolium ): root
  • Arnica (Arnica montana): Leaf
  • Wormwood ( Artemisia absinthicum ): Leaf
  • Southernwood (Artemisia abrotanum ): Leaf
  • Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus ) leaf
  • Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris ): Flower
  • Marigold ( Calendula officinalis ): Flower
  • Bitter Thistle ( Cnicus benedictus ): Leaf
  • Purple coneflower ( Echinacea purpurea)
  • Elecampane (Inula helenium ): root
  • Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla, Syn: Matricaria recutita ): Flower
  • Ramtillkraut ( Guizotia abyssinica )
  • Safflower, safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius ): Flower, seeds
  • Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ) seeds
  • Stevia rebaudiana
  • Root or Kaffeezichorie (Cichorium intybus ) root
  • Dyer Charte ( Serratula tinctoria ): Leaf
  • Dalmatian insect flower ( Tanacetum cinerariifolium, Syn: cinerariifolium pyrethrum, Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium ): Flower
  • Persian insect flower (Chrysanthemum coccineum, Syn: Pyrethrum roseum ): Flower

A great wealth of species and their varieties are used as ornamental plants in all parts of the world. They are planted in parks and gardens or serve as cut and dried flowers.

History of development

Fossil record of the Asteraceae are mostly pollen deposition and fruit. From the Eocene there are few pollen evidence, but from the Oligocene and Miocene pollen of the Asteraceae are common. The importance of the family in the Earth's ecosystems increases until today from the Middle Olizän.

Lately, we used the fossil record of pollen and molecular genetic studies ( on ndhF and rbcL genes ) to reveal the origin of the Asteraceae. Bremer and Gustafsson 1997, Kim et al. 2005 concluded that the origin is at least 38 million years ago, probably in the Middle Eocene ( million years ago, 42 to 47 ).

The current distribution of the allied families Goodeniaceae and Calyceraceae and the basal and isolated standing suspect let subfamily Barnadesioideae that the origin of the family was on Gondwana in present-day South America, Antarctica and Australia.

System

The Asteraceae family contains about 1600 to 1700 genera and 24,000 species.

Each phylogenetic analysis of the Asteraceae family showed that it is monophyletic (eg, Small 1919, Bremer 1987, Jansen and Palmer 1987, Hansen 1991, Michaels et al.1993, Lundberg & Bremer 2003).

According to new phylogenetic insights twelve subfamilies have now been introduced, which contain a total of about 43 tribes. For the corresponding genera see the individual subfamilies and tribes:

  • Subfamily herbaceous Lindl. It is the largest subfamily with about 65 % of the species. It contains about 20 Tribus, 1135 genera with about 16,200 species, with global distribution. In addition to tubular flowers are often at the edge of the inflorescence florets present. The ray florets have three corolla lobes: Tribus Anthemideae Cass.
  • Tribus Astereae Cass.
  • Tribus Athroismeae Panero
  • Tribus Bahieae B.G.Baldwin
  • Tribus Calenduleae Cass.
  • Tribus Chaenactideae B.G.Baldwin
  • Tribus Coreopsideae Lindl.
  • Tribus Eupatorieae Cass.
  • Tribus Feddeeae Pruski, P.Herrera, Anderb. & Franc. -site.
  • Tribus Gnaphalieae ( Cass. ) Lecoq. & Juillet
  • Tribus Helenieae Lindl.
  • Tribe Heliantheae Cass.
  • Tribus Inuleae Cass.
  • Tribus Madieae Jeps.
  • Tribus Millerieae Lindl.
  • Tribus Neurolaeneae Rydb.
  • Tribus Perityleae B.G.Baldwin
  • Tribus Polymnieae ( H.Rob. ) Panero
  • Tribus Senecioneae Cass.
  • Tribus Tageteae Cass.
  • Tribus Barnadesieae D.Don: It contains nine genera with about 94 mostly woody species. With a presence only in South America, especially in the Andes. The corolla tube is double lip ( lip or tongue) ( a lip / tongue is composed of four petals, the other formed of a petal. ): Arnaldoa Cabrera: The approximately three species occur in South America.
  • Barnadesia Mutis ex L. f: It contains about 19 species in South America, especially in the tropical Andes.
  • Chuquiraga Juss. ( Syn: Johannia Willd. ): It contains about 22 species in the Andes and Patagonia.
  • Dasyphyllum Kunth (syn.: Flotovia Spreng. ): It contains about 41 species in Chile.
  • Doniophyton Wedd. Approximately the two species occur in South America.
  • Duseniella K.Schum. Contains only one type: Duseniella patagonica ( O.Hoffm. ) K.Schum. It comes in arid Argentinean Patagonia before.
  • Fulcaldea laurifolia ( Bonpl. ) Poir. It occurs in Ecuador and Peru.
  • Huarpea andina Cabrera: It occurs only in Argentina.
  • Schlechtendalia luzulaefolia Less: . It comes only in Pampa before the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul.
  • Tribus Cardueae Cass.
  • Tribus Dicomeae Panero & V.A.Funk
  • Tribus Oldenburgieae S.Ortiz
  • Tribus Tarchonantheae Kostel.
  • Tribus Arctotideae Cass.
  • Tribus Cichorieae Lam. & DC.
  • Tribus Eremothamneae H.Rob. & Brettell
  • Tribus Liabeae ( Cass. ex Dum. ) Rydb.
  • Tribus Moquinieae H.Rob.
  • Tribus Platycarpheae V.A.Funk & H.Rob.
  • Tribus Vernonieae Cass.
  • Tribus Corymbieae Panero & VAFunk: it contains only one genus: Corymbium L.: The approximately seven species occur in South Africa.
  • Tribus Gochnatieae ( Benth. & Hook f. ) Panero & VAFunk: it contains four to five genera with about 90 species. The pappus consists of bristles: Cnicothamnus Griseb. Contains only two species in Bolivia and Argentina.
  • Cyclolepis Gillies ex D.Don: it contains only one type: Cyclolepis genistoides D.Don: It occurs in South America.
  • Leucomeris decora short: It occurs in China, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.
  • Gymnarrheneae Panero & VAFunk: it contains only one genus: Gymnarrhena Desf. Contains only one to six type (s), with a spread from North Africa to the Middle East.
  • Tribus Hecastocleideae: it contains only one genus (mono generic taxon ): Hecastocleis A.Gray: it contains only one type: Hecastocleis shockleyi A.Gray: It occurs in the southwestern United States. The flower head contains only one flower and the pappus consists of dandruff.
  • Tribus Mutisieae Cass.
  • Tribus Onoserideae ( Bentham ) Panero & V.A.Funk
  • Tribus Nassauvieae Cass.
  • Tribus Pertyeae Panero & VAFunk: it contains five to six genera with 70 species from Afghanistan to eastern Asia. The corolla tube is deep, equal parts: Ainsliaea DC:. Contains nearly 70 species from eastern Asia to western Malaysia's.
  • Catamixis Thomson: It contains only one type: Catamixis baccharoides Thomson: It occurs in the northwestern Himalayas.
  • Diaspananthus uniflorus ( Sch.Bip. ) Kitam. It occurs only on the Japanese island of Honshu.
  • Tribus Stifftieae D.Don: It contains ten to eleven genera with about 40 species in the Andes and in the northeastern South America.
  • Tribus Hyalideae Panero: it contains about three genera: Hyalis D.Don ex Hook. & Arn. Contains only two species in South America.
  • Ianthopappus Rogue & DJNHind: it contains only one type: Ianthopappus corymbosus ( Less. ) Roque & DJNHind: It occurs in Brazil.
  • Nouelia insignis Franch. Thrives at altitudes 1000-2900 meters in the southwestern Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
  • Chimantaea Maguire et al.: The approximately nine species occur in Venezuela and Guyana.
  • Stenopadus SFBlake: It contains about 14 species mainly on the Guiana Shield.
  • Stomatochaeta ( SFBlake ) Maguire & Wurdack: The six species occur in Venezuela, northern Brazil and Guyana before.
  • Wunderlichia Riedel ex Benth. & Hook. f: The approximately nine species occur in Brazil.

Pedigree by Panero & Funk, 2008:

Swell

  • The Asteraceae family in APWebsite ( section systematics and description)
  • The Asteraceae family at DELTA. ( Description section )
  • Theodore M. Barkley, Luc Brouillet & John L. Strother: Asteraceae Flora of North America, Volume 19, 20 and 21: Online. ( Section systematics and description)
  • The Asteraceae in the Western Australian Flora family. ( Description section )
  • The Asteraceae in the determination of the exercises Uni- Ulm family.
  • Thomas Schöpke, 2006: Description of the family and subfamilies in pharmakobotanik.de.
  • Jose L. Panero & Vicki A. Funk: The value of sampling anomalous taxa in phylogenetic studies: major clades of the Asteraceae revealed, in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 47, 2008, pp. 757-782. Full text PDF. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.011
  • Vicki A. Funk, Alfonso Susanna, Tod F. Stuessy & Randall J. Bayer: Systematics, Evolution and Biogeography of the Compositae, 2009 IAPT (International Association for Plant Taxonomy ). . ISBN 978-3-9501754-3-1 ( section systematics and description)
  • Randy Bayer, Alfonso Delgado, Vicki Funk, Marinda Koekemoer & Christoph Oberprieler (Program committee ): = TICA The International Compositae Alliance.
  • J. Mauricio Bonifacino & Vicki A. Funk: Compositae Classification: Revisited reevaluated, reeverythinged: Compositae MetaTree poster. (PDF file, 2.96 MB )
Asteroideae Asterids Jan Svatopluk Presl Cota tinctoria Cichorioideae Carduus Pappus (flower structure) Ovary (botany) Carduoideae Lactuca muralis Mutisioideae Pampas Northern Hemisphere Cynareae Stifftioideae Digital Object Identifier Agricultural Research Service
84563
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