Tucumán Province
( Details)
( Details)
- Total - Percentage of Argentina
22,524 km ² 0.81
- Total 2010 - Density
1,448,188 inhabitants 64.3 inhabitants / km ²
The Tucumán province is one of the more populous provinces of Argentina. It is located in the northwest of the country. Its capital is San Miguel de Tucumán, which is often abbreviated to Tucumán.
Geography
The Tucumán province lies between 26 ° and 28 ° south latitude and between 64 ° 30 ' and 66 ° 30' west longitude and is 22,524 km ². Tucumán is characterized by a plane in the east, the valley of the Rio Sali, and hilly to mountainous area in the west of the province, which is almost completely covered by the Sierras Subandinas. There, the highest peak of the province, the Cerro del Bolson is located ( 5,550 m). West of the Sierras Subandinas lies the Valle Calchaquí where Tucumán but has little share. On the northwest, the province share of the eastern slope of the Precordillera, the easternmost mountain range of the Andes.
The climate is subtropical, but of great inequality in terms of rainfall. So therefore the Valle Calchaquí and the western slopes of the Sierras Subandinas dry ( 200-300 mm per year ) and the landscape are steppe way. On the eastern slope of the Sierras, however, the clouds pond by the prevailing easterly winds, so that especially in summer reaches very high precipitation rates ( in moderate 800-1000 mm) and a rain and cloud forest vegetation is possible. The extreme East forms a transition region of Gran Chaco, the precipitation increases from there again, the landscape is savannah way. Temperatures are apart from the altitude in the whole province uniform and are in the lowlands at 24 to 26 degrees Celsius in January and 13 to 15 ° C in July.
Population
The Tucumán province has a population of 1.4 million people, with about 55 % in San Miguel and its immediate vicinity are located. 99.2 % of the population are Argentines, 90.2 % were born in Tucumán.
Almost 80 percent of the population lives in cities Tucuman. In addition to the provincial capital of Concepción are the largest cities ( 45,000 inhabitants), Famaillá ( 30,000 inhabitants) and Lules ( 30,000 inhabitants). The north and the entire west are sparsely populated, here are the greatest places in the north and Trancas Tafi del Valle and Amaicha del Valle in the west, but all three have each only about 5000 inhabitants.
Origin of the name
The meaning of the name Tucumán is unclear. Supposedly derived from the name of the Quechua word Yucuman, it means " place where the rivers rise ," this interpretation is disputed. Another interpretation is derived from even earlier time ago: So there are still before the invasion of the Incas, the indigenous people of the region, the Diaguitas, have been, have the area for her then- chief Tukma ( Tukma - nao = people of the Tukma ) named. A third derivation brings the origin with the also living in the area Lule Indians in combination, are said to have named the country after the beetle Tuku Tuku -: Tuku - tuku - manita means " country where the Tuku Tuku - ( Beetle ) is common. "
History
Before the discovery by the Spanish conquerors, the inhabitants of the area of today's Tucumán were strongly influenced by the Inca culture. This Native American group that Diaguitas - Calchaquíes, populated the mountain rich Eastern region of Tucumán. World's most famous archaeological site in Tucumán is the fortification Quilmes.
The first Spaniards who entered the territory of Tucuman, was Diego de Almagro, conqueror of Peru. He traveled through Chile in 1535, the valley of Humahuaca and reached Calchaquíes valleys. Eight years later sought Diego de Rojas a way of Perú to the Río de la Plata. He was killed by Indians. ( Santiago del Estero Province today ) Founded in 1564, eleven years after the founding of the oldest consistently inhabited city of Santiago del Estero in 1553, the province of Tucuman, Juries y Diaguitas was with his first city of Santiago del Estero.
A year later, on May 31, 1565 Diego de Villarroel founded the city of San Miguel de Tucumán. Because of the militant Indians and poor water quality to the original founding place near the present village Ibatín the Governor Fernando de Mendoza y Mate de Luna decided on September 27, 1685 to move the city and its reincorporation. In 1776, Tucumán became part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.
After the events of May 25 1810 in Buenos Aires, as the citizens of the city against the viceroy revolted, came in 1812 by Manuel Belgrano Tucumán. There he defeated on 24 September of the same year at the Battle of Tucumán the royal troops. Four years and more battles later declared independence from Spain by the Tucumán Congress on July 9, 1816. In 1820 was proclaimed by Bernabé Araóz the Republic of Tucumán, Santiago del Estero and Catamarca the with included. A year later, Santiago del Estero and Catamarca in their own right.
Many years of struggle with neighboring provinces and repeated change in the leadership of the province by unitarists and Federalists were Tucumán and 1880 not come to rest.
From 1950 to 1955 ruled in the province of Tucumán Fernando Riera and Luis Cruz both of the Peronist Party. At this time the province had about 731,000 inhabitants. A law that should achieve a balance between less efficient working sugar mills and farmers and efficiently working, resulted in a one-sided cultivation of sugarcane in the province.
On February 11, 1955, the provinces of Santiago del Estero, Tucumán and Santa Fe were placed under the supervision of the federal government, in Tucumán replaced José Humberto Martiarena the Governor Cruz from.
On September 16, 1955 there was a military uprising in Córdoba on September 20, 1955 Juan Domingo Perón resigned and left the country. A military junta took over the government violence in Argentina. Peron loyal troops arrived on 21 September after Tucumán and Lieutenant Colonel ( teniente coronel ) Horacio Zenarruza first took over the government violence in the province, three days later Lieutenant Colonel Jorge Mario Moretti.
From 1955 to 1957 Vieyra Spangenberg took over the government. In 1956, the provincial constitution of 1907 came back into force and replaced the Constitution of 1949. In October 1956, the military - President Lt. Gen. ( teniente general) Pedro Aramburu visited the province. After the elections in the same year, Argentina was again democratically under President Ricardo Balbin.
On April 29, 1957 Vieyra Spangenberg gave the government authority to the Director General of the provinces of the interior ministry, Daniel Ignacio Parodi, which was replaced shortly thereafter by Nicolás Mario Juárez García.
On May 1, 1958, Celestino Gelsi governor of Tucumán. From 1960 to 1962, the dam El Cadillal was built for better drinking water supply.
The year 1962 was politically very unstable and characterized by the transfer of power at the national level by the military - President José María Guido. In March 1962 provincial elections took place, won the Peronist party. Then took over General Julio Martín Sueldo on March 19 the government violence in Tucumán, and gave them on April 9 at Inbaud from. This in turn resigned on May 21 from his office and handed over the power to José Emilio Wigil Monte Verde, which in turn gave them on 31 May at the former General Ricardo Arandia. On November 15th of the same year Gordillo Gómez took over the province shops.
After turbulent elections in 1963 took over on October 12, Governor Lázaro Barbieri government business. Under his rule, in 1964 600 million pesos were certificados de Cancelación de deudas ( Notes in the form of emergency money ), also called bonos issued.
In 1965, the situation of the sugar industry deteriorated due to overproduction, which led to many strikes and unrest. In the same year the Catholic University of Santo Tomás de Aquino opened its doors.
On June 28, 1966, the military staged a coup against President Arturo Umberto Illia the Argentine, which led to the end of the reign Barbieri. By 1973, henceforth ruled the military in Argentina. The commander of the 5th Brigade Infra Trie Otero took over the government violence in the province. On July 9 of the same year, the first local television station Canal 10 starts on August 5, took over the former General Fernando Aliaga García, the government in Tucumán. The military government certain on August 22, the restructuring of the sugar industry in the province, which led to the closure of almost 30 % of the sugar mills.
On March 16, 1968, Roberto Avellaneda governor of Tucumán. More sugar mills closed.
In 1969, the guerrillas, who years earlier gathered in small groups was stronger and there have been many attacks in Tucumán. Avellaneda was unable to bring order to the province and handed over the government to Colonel ( coronel ) Nanclares. This was soon from governmental affairs to the commander of the 5th Brigade Infra Trie and later president of military rule from 1976 to 1983, Colonel Jorge Rafael Videla.
On September 4, 1970 Carlos Imbaud took over for the second time the governor's post in Tucumán after this 1962 ever held an interim basis. Imbaud tried various political parties and the trade unions to include in its policy. This, however, did not have the desired effect and the year 1970 as was again characterized by unrest and the Montoneros guerrilla groups and Ejército del Pueblo Republicano began their attacks.
In 1971 the President of the military junta Roberto Marcelo Levingston Imbaud asked to withdraw and Sarrulle took over the governorship, which was confirmed by the successor Levingstons, military President Alejandro Agustín Lanusse in office. 1975 was declared by the President of the state of emergency in the region and the Operativo Independencia ( Independence operation ) began. Antonio Domingo Bussi led this campaign, which led to numerous deaths and human rights violations. During the period of Argentine military dictatorship from 1976 to 1978 was Bussi governor of the province, which intensified the alleged crimes against guerrillas or guerrilla.
Policy
Since 29 October 2003, José Jorge Alperovich governor of the province of Tucumán. He replaced Julio Antonio Miranda and was re-elected in 2007. The majority in the provincial legislature put the Peronists. The Mayor of San Miguel de Tucumán is Domingo Luis Amaya.
Administrative divisions
The Tucumán province is divided into 17 departments who do not exercise administrative functions. Within the departments, the boroughs ( municipios and Comunas rurales ), which in places not directly adjacent to each other, which is why in the province of Tucumán some areas have no local government.
The modified in 2006 provincial Constitution recognizes the autonomy of the municipalities. The province Constitution divides the Municipalities by population and number of property owners in three categories. Municipalities with at least 40,000 inhabitants and no less than 7500 owners of land make up the first category. Those with more than 8,000 inhabitants and at least 4,000 property owners belong to the second category. The third category consists of those municipalities that do not meet the conditions listed. For the Comunas Rurales a population of at least 500 is considered the founding premise.
Economy
Tucumán is the largest Argentine producer of lemons and sugar. Argentina, in turn, is the main country of origin of imported to Germany lemons. However, other vegetable products are grown in Tucumán. Therefore Tucumán also has the name "Garden of the Republic". Furthermore, some mines are in the field Tucuman. The largest foreign company in Tucumán is the truck producer Scania.
Traffic
In the capital city of San Miguel, the regional airport Aeropuerto Internacional is Teniente General Benjamín Matienzo.
Education
Tucumán has two state universities ( Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, founded in 1914, and the Universidad Tecnológica de Tucumán ) and a Catholic university ( Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino, founded in 1965 ), which also have national significance.