Boraginaceae

Viper's bugloss ( Echium vulgare), flowering

The Boraginaceae or borage family ( Boraginaceae ) is a flowering plant family ( Magnoliopsida ). The family contains 148-156 genera with about 2740 species and is represented worldwide by the temperate latitudes to the tropics.

• 2.1 Outer systematics
• 2.2 Internal systematics

• 3.1 Literature
• 3.2 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

There are annual to perennial herbaceous plants, shrubs, trees or rarely lianas. The name Boraginaceae indicates the characteristic pubescence of the leaves and stems that hold many of the central European species. The most change-constant leaves are simple and entire.

Inflorescence, flowers and fruit

The Central European species generally an inflorescence in the form of a double coil, which allows a relatively good determination of the central European species of this family along with the hair.

The flowers are hermaphroditic and radial symmetry usually and mostly fünfzählig. In Echium but the flowers are slightly zygomorphic. The sepals ( sepals ) are at the bottom and the petals ( petals ) are completely fused together and form tube-or plate-shaped stalk flowers. Often, the petals are turned inward so-called pharyngeal scales inside, closing the corolla tube or narrow, at least. It's just a circle with usually five fertile stamens present ( tetracyclic flower). The stamens are fused with the petals too and are usually at half Kronblattlänge. The two (rarely four or five ) carpels form the superior ovaries; it is divided by false septa in four Klausen.

The flowers formula is:

As fruit four seeded Klausen are usually formed, which are nutty developed. Rare stone fruit or seed capsules are formed.

System

The family was erected in 1789 under the name " Borragineae " by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum, page 128. Type genus is Borago L.. Synonyms for Boraginaceae Juss. are: Anchusaceae Vest, Buglossaceae Hoffmann. & Link nom. illeg. , Cordiaceae R.Br. ex Dum. , Ehretiaceae Mart. , Heliotropiaceae Schrad. , Hoplestigmataceae Gilg, Hydrophyllaceae R.Br., Lennoaceae Solms, Onosmaceae Martynov. Sebestenaceae Vent. nom. illeg. , Wellstediaceae Novák.

Outer systematics

The Boraginaceae are allocated to any order within the Euasteriden I.

Inside systematics

The Boraginaceae family is divided into six subfamilies and contains 148-156 genera with about 2740 species:

• Subfamily Boraginoideae Arn: . Contains the majority of the genera of the family with 112 genera and 1600 species. They are all herbaceous plants, whose home is mainly the temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere. A large number of species of this subfamily changed the color of the bloom, the Corolla during aging ( from pink to blue, or from yellow to pink and then blue, or from yellow to white ). Many species of these subfamilies have the characteristic pubescence of leaves and stems. Tribus Lithospermeae Dumort. : Alkanna exchange ( Syn: Baphorhiza link Camptocarpus K.Koch, Campylocaryum DC ex Meisn, Onochiles Bubani, Rhytispermum link.. ): The 30 to 50 types are spread from Southern Europe to North Africa and to Iran.
• Ancistocarya Maxim. The distribution area is located in eastern Asia.
• Arnebia Forssk. (including Aipyanthus Steven, Arnebiola Chiov, echioides Ortega, Leptanthe Klotzsch, Macrotomia DC, Munbya Boiss, Toxostigma A.Rich, Ulugbekia Zakyrov. .. . ): The approximately 25 species are prevalent in Europe, Africa and western Asia and Central Asia.
• Beef tongues ( Buglossoides Moench ), ( also called stone seeds, used to be a common genus of Lithospermum L.): 9 to 15 species are distributed in temperate Eurasia.
• Wax flowers ( Cerinthe L.): The distribution area of ​​about six species extends from Central, Southern and Eastern Europe to North Africa and the Middle East.
• Choriantha Riedl: it contains only one type: Choriantha popoviana Riedl: The home is western Asia.

• Halacsya sendtneri Dörfl. The home is South-East Europe.

• Mairetis microsperma ( Boiss. ) IMJohnst. The home is Morocco and the Canary Islands.

• Moltkiopsis ciliata IMJohnst. It is distributed from north-western Africa through the Arabian Peninsula to Iran.

• Neatostema apulum (L.) IMJohnst. It is native to the Mediterranean.

• Stenosolenium saxatile ( Pall. ) Turcz. It occurs in China, Kazakhstan, Russia and Mongolia.

• Asperugo L.: It contains only one type :: Sharp herb ( Asperugo procumbens L.): It is widespread in Eurasia and North Africa.

• Ox tongues ( Anchusa L., Syn: Buglossum million ): The approximately 30 to 50 species are mainly in the Mediterranean, beyond widespread in the rest of Europe, western Asia, North and South Africa.
• Anchusella Bigazzi, E.Nardi & Selvi: The only two species occur in the central eastern Mediterranean.
• Borage ( Borago L.): It is divided into two subgenera and her five species occur in the southwestern Mediterranean.
• Brunnera Steven: The three to four species are distributed from western Asia through the Caucasus to Siberia; for example: Großblättriges Caucasus Forget-Me- Not ( Brunnera macrophylla (Adams) IMJohnst. )

• Acker Krumm neck ( Lycopsis arvensis L., Syn: Anchusa arvensis (L.) M.Bieb. )
• Lycopsis orientalis L. ( syn. Anchusa ovata clay, Anchusa orientalis (L.) Rchb non L.. . )

• Paraskevia cesatiana ( Fenzl & Friedr. ) W.Sauer & G.Sauer: it is known only from three isolated locations in the mountains of the Greek Peloponnese.

• Pentaglottis sempervirens (L.) LHBailey ( syn. Anchusa sempervirens L.): The home is located in France, Spain and Portugal. The flowers can be eaten raw.

• Phyllocara aucheri ( A.DC. ) Guşul. ( Syn. Anchusa aucheri A.DC. ): It is an annual species in Anatolia.

• Stomotechium papillosum clay. It is widespread in southern Africa.

• Trachystemon orientalis (L.) G.Don ( Syn: Nordmannia cordifolia Ledeb ex Nordm; psilostemon orientalis (L. ) DC. .. ): The home is located in South-Eastern Europe, Turkey and the Caucasus region.

• Craniospermum clay. The six species are used in Central Asia.

• Subtribes Allocaryinae Grig. Contains approximately four genera and nearly 100 species in northeastern Asia, Australia and the New World: Allocarya Greene (including Echinoglochin fire, Glyptocaryopsis fire ): It contains about forty species.
• Echidiocarya A.Gray (including Allocaryastrum fire ): The approximately three species are widespread in North America.
• Maccoya F.Muell. Contains only one type: Maccoya plurisepalea F.Muell. It occurs in Australia.

• Amsinckia clay. The approximately 20 species are widespread in the New World.

• Anoplocaryum Ledeb. The five species are found in northern Asia, and from China to the north-western Himalayas.

• Cryptantha clay. ex G.Don: The about 60 occur in both North and South America.
• Eremocarya Greene: It contains only one or two species ( but which are also provided to Cryptantha clay ex G.Don. ).
• Greeneocharis Gürke & Harms: it contains only one or two species ( but which are also provided to Cryptantha clay ex G.Don. ).
• Nesocaryum IMJohnst. Contains only one type: Nesocaryum stylosum IMJohnst. It is endemic to the Chilean Desventuradas Islands.

• Hedgehog seeds ( Lappula Moench, including Echinospermum Sw ex loam, Sclerocaryopsis fire. . ): The approximately 76 species are distributed in temperate and subtropical zones of the northern hemisphere.
• Lepechiniella Popov: The approximately 16 species are distributed mainly in Central Asia.

• Amblynotus ( A.DC. ) IMJohnst. Contains only one type: Amblynotus rupestris ( Pall. ex Georgi ) Popov: It occurs in China, Kazakhstan, Russia and Mongolia.

• Chionocharis hookeri ( CBClarke ) IMJohnston: It occurs in Bhutan, Nepal, China and northeastern India.

• Heaven Herold ( Eritrichium nanum (L.) Schrad. Ex Gaudin )

• Metaeritrichium microuloides WTWang: It grows only at altitudes 4300-5000 m in Qinghai and Xizang.

• Trigonotis Steven ( Syn: Endogonia Turcz, Havilandia Stapf, Pedinogyne fire, Zoelleria Warblers, sometimes with Omphalotrigonotis WTWang. . ): The spread about 50 species are found in Asia and in Eastern Europe.

• Caccinia Savi ( Syn: Anisanthera Raf. ): The six species are common in the southwest and central Asia.
• Dog tongue ( Cynoglossum L., including Austrocynoglossum Popov ex RRMill, Crucicaryum fire, Paracaryopsis ( Riedl ) RRMill, Paracynoglossum Popov ): The approximately 75 species occur in the temperate to subtropical areas of the world before.
• Gyrocaryum Valdés: it contains only one type: Gyrocaryum oppositifolium Valdés: The endangered (IUCN " Critically Endangered " = " threatened with extinction " ) type is only of the Spanish province of Leon (Ponferrada ) known.

• Forest Nabelnüsschen, even navel nut, Gedenkemein ( Omphalodes scorpioides ( Haenke ) Cabinet )
• Spring Nabelnüsschen ( Omphalodes verna Moench )

• Suchtelenia calycina ( CAMey. ) A.DC.: It comes from the Caucasus to Central Asia.

• Amblynotopsis JFMacbr. Contains only one type (. . Often Antiphytum DC ex Meisn provided)
• Amphibologyne fire: it contains a type: Amphibologyne mexicana ( M.Martens & Galeotti ) Brand: It occurs in Mexico.

• Ogastemma pusillum ( Coss. & Durieu ex Bonnet & Barratte ) Brummitt: The distribution ranges from the Canary Islands across North Africa and the Sinai Peninsula to the Israeli- Jordanian region.

• Heterocaryum A.DC.: The approximately seven species are distributed from the central to the south-western Asia.

• Forget -me-not (Myosotis L.): The approximately 50 species are widespread in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and North America and with only one kind in South America.

• Rochelia Rchb. ( Syn: . Cervia Rodr ex Lag, Maccoya F.Muell, Raclathris Raf.. ): The approximately 15 species are distributed from the central to the south-western Asia, Europe and Australia.

• Actinocarya Benth. (Syn. Glochidocaryum WTWang ): it contains only one type: Actinocarya tibetica Benth. It occurs in northern India and in China.

• Ancistrocarya japonica Maxim. It occurs only on the Japanese islands of Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu and thrives there in deciduous forests at altitudes 300-1300 m.

• Antiotrema dunnianum ( Diels ) Hand - Mazz: .. Thrives at altitudes from 1,600 to 2,500 meters in the southwestern Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan.

• Brachybotrys paridiformis Maxim. ex Oliv. It occurs in northeastern China, Korea and far eastern Russia.

• Fukientee ( Carmona microphylla ( Lam.) G.Don ): The distribution area extends from the Japanese Ryukyu Islands to Taiwan and southern China to Indonesia and Australia.

• Dasynotus daubenmirei IMJohnst. , The home is the U.S. state of Idaho.

• Heliocarya monandra Bunge: The home of this endangered species is of central Iran.

• Ivanjohnstonia jaunsariensis Kazmi: It occurs in the northwestern Himalayas.

• Oyster plant ( Mertensia maritima ) ( L.) Gray)

• Mimophytum omphalodoides Greenm. It is native to Mexico.

• Moritzia lindenii ( A.DC. ) Benth. ex Gürke, (syn.: Meratia lindenii A.DC. ): The locality of the type material is called Venezuela.

• Myosotidium hortensium ( Decne. ) Baill. This endemic species is found only on the New Zealand Chatham Islands.

• Nogalia drepanophylla ( Baker) Verdc. It occurs only in Yemen and Oman.

• Omphalolappula concava (. F.Muell ) Brand: It occurs only in Australia.

• Oxyosmyles viscosissima Speg. It occurs in Argentina.

• Perittostema pinetorum ( IMJohnst. ) IMJohnst. It occurs only in Mexico.

• Scapicephalus rosulatus Ovcz. & Czukav. ( Pseudomertensia rosulata ( Ovcz. & Czukav ) Ovcz & Czukav. .. ): It occurs in Central Asia.

• Selkirkia berterii Hemsl. It is endemic to the Juan Fernández Islands.

• Setulocarya diffusa (fire ) RRMill & DGLong: It occurs in the Himalayas.

• Trigonocaryum involucratum MEDW. It occurs only in the Caucasus.

• Subfamily Heliotropioideae ( Schrad. ) Arn. Here are formed as an exception drupes. They are located worldwide in the tropics to warm temperate latitudes. It contains only one tribe: Tribus Heliotropieae Dumort. Contains four to eight genera and about 405 species: Argusia Böhm: It contains only two or three species.
• Ceballosia Kunkel: it contains only one type: Ceballosia fruticosa ( L. f ex G.Kunkel ) G.Kunkel ex Förther: It occurs on all the bigger Canary Islands. They colonized sites at altitudes between 200 and 800 meters.

• Ixorhea tschudiana Fenzl: It is native to Argentina.

• Nogalia drepanophylla ( Baker) Verdc. It is resident in Yemen and Oman.

• Subfamily Cordioideae Link: Here be formed as an exception drupes. The members of this subfamily are woody plants, including some common tropical tree species, some species are lianas. It contains only one tribe: Tribus Cordieae Dumort. Contains three to four genera and about 330 species: Coldenia L. (syn.: Lobophyllum F.Mueller ): it contains only one type: Coldenia procumbens L.: It is an annual herbaceous plant with Klausen. The flower is cruciform. It occurs in Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Africa, Australia, North and South America.

In the vicinity of or in the subfamily Cordioideae heard for new knowledge and the previously asked in a separate family genus Hoplestigma.

• Subfamily Ehretioideae ( Mart. ex Lindl. ) Arn. , The species of this subfamily are mostly trees and shrubs, few species are herbaceous plants. Native to these taxa are almost in the entire tropical belt. With the only Tribus: Tribus Ehretieae Dumort. Contains eight to eleven genera and about 170 species ( selection): Bourreria P.Browne: The approximately 50 species are widespread in the Neotropics.
• Cortesia Cav. With about two species in temperate regions in South America.
• Ehretia P.Browne: The 50 to 75 species are distributed mainly in Africa and southern Asia, but some species also occur in other subtropical to tropical regions around the world.
• Halgania Gaudich. The approximately 18 species occur only in Australia.
• Lepidocordia Ducke: The approximately two species are widespread in the northern tropical South America.
• Menais Loefl. Contains only one type: Menais topiaria L.: It occurs in South America.

• Water -leaved plants ( Hydrophylloideae Burnett ): It contains 17 genera and 225 species that are widespread in the New World with a focus on dry areas of the western United States. Its fruits are capsules. This family / subfamily is expected to Boraginaceae (exact position not saved ). It contains only one tribe: Tribus Hydrophylleae Rchb. Contains 17 genera with 225 species: Codon L.: The only two species are widespread in southern Africa.
• Draperia Torr. Contains only one type: Draperia systyla ( A. Gray ) Torr. It is native to California.

• Ellisia nyctelea (L.) L.: It is distributed in North America.

• Emmenanthe penduliflora Benth. It comes from Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah prior to Baja Norte.

• Tricardia watsonii Torr. ex S.Watson: It is native to the southwestern United States.

• Turricula parryi ( A. Gray ) JFMacbr. It occurs only in California and the Mexican Baja California.

• Subfamily Lennooideae Craven ( Syn: Solms- Laubach Lennoaceae: Exact taxonomic position is not saved ). The two or three genera with about seven species are native to the southwestern United States and northern South America. There are chlorophyll -less, herbaceous root parasites. Tribus Lennoeae Baill. Contains two or three genera with seven species: Lennoa Lex: it contains only one type: Lennoa madreporoides La Llave & Lex: It is widespread in the Neotropics.

Swell

• The Boraginaceae in APWebsite family. (Sections Description and systematics)
• The Boraginaceae family, the family and the family of the Ehretiaceae Hydrophyllaceae at DELTA. ( Description section )