List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points

The list of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points leads the currently valid GSSPs (Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point) of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS ) on.

Since 1977 GSSPs be used as reference for the geological time scale. It is possible easily accessible and most representative outcrops of the transitions between the individual subunits of the time scale.

Since GSSPs well-preserved rock outcrops need and most of them are defined by different stratigraphic levels on the basis of fossils, the definition of such GSSPs is getting harder the further you go back in the past. So therefore all GSSPs are limited to the Phanerozoic. The only exception is the Precambrian belonging Ediacaran, which is defined as the base of the glacial deposits of about 630 million year old Nuccaleena Formation in the central Flinders Ranges Enorama Creek in Australia. It is not included in this list.

The Precambrian is defined by fixed datings that are not tied to rock detectable change ( Global Standard Stratigraphic Age, GSSA ).

3.1 chalk
3.2 Jura
3.3 Trias

4.1 Perm
4.2 carbon
4.3 Devon
4.4 Silurian
4.5 Ordovician
4.6 Cambrian

Organization of the list

The list is initially in the era of the Phanerozoic ( the Cenozoic, Mesozoic and Paleozoic that ) and then divided in the geological systems each geological era. Each system has its own table in which it is divided into series and stages. Each stage is assigned an age in Ma, ie millions of years, this age is the beginning of the corresponding stage. Most of these ages have been obtained by astronomical cycles in sediments and magnetic, biostratigraphic or radiometric data. The each stage associated GSSP marks the lower limit and the oldest date.

The column " defining features " lists the defining features in the rock, which are used for defining the GSSP. Ideally, these features occur in each respective unit rock world. Most boundaries are based on fossils ( " biostratigraphically " ), paleomagnetic data (" magnetostratigraphisch ") and / or climate data derived inter alia, by isotope studies ( " climate ").

Cenozoic

Air table: end of the Younger Dryas ( stadial ).
In 1492.45 m depth of the well NGRIP2

Climatically: Beginning of the Eemian interglacial.
63.5 m below the surface in the bore Airport Schiphol

Magnetostratigraphisch: Brunhes - Matuyama magnetic reversal.

Magnetostratigraphisch: 3-6 m above the magnetic polarity chronozone C2n ( Olduvai ).
Base of marine mudstone above the sapropel layer 'e'.

Magnetostratigraphisch: 1 m above the base of magnetic polarity chronozone C2r ( Matuyama ).
Air table: Within the marine oxygen isotope stage 103
Basis of a layer of marl stock on sapropel MPRS 250

1Based on 2008 AD

GSSP Gelasian / Calabrium
GSSP Pliocene / Pleistocene

Neogen

Magnetostratigraphisch: based on magnetic polarity chronozone C2An ( Gauss ).
Basis of a beige marl layer of the MPRS 347

Magnetostratigraphisch: 5 precession cycles below ( = 96 kyr ) based on the Thvera event ( C3n.4n ).
Basis of Trubi formation corresponds Insolationszyklus 510

Biostratigraphically: First regular occurrence of Globorotalia miotumida ( planktonic foraminifera ).
Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Amaurolithus delicatus ( calcareous Nannofossil ).
Magnetostratigraphisch: In the magnetic polarity chronozone C3Br.1r.
15 based on a reddish layer of sedimentary cycle No.

Biostratigraphically: Last regular occurrence of Discoaster kugleri ( calcareous Nannofossil ).
Magnetostratigraphisch: In the normal polarized chronozone C5r.2n
Center of the Sapropelschicht 76

Air table: oxygen isotope stage Mi3b ( global cooling episode).
Formation boundary between the Globigerina - limestone and the Blue Clay formation.

Magnetostratigraphisch: tip of the magnetic polarity chronozone C5Cn.1n.

Magnetostratigraphisch: Near the top of the magnetic polarity chronozone C6An.

Magnetostratigraphisch: based on magnetic polarity chronozone C6Cn.2n.
Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Paragloborotalia kugleri ( planktonic foraminifera ).
35 m below the top of the profile.

GSSP Zancleum / Piacenzium

Paleogene

So far not decided.

Biostratigraphically: extinction of Hantkenina and Cribrohantkenina ( foraminifera ).
Based on a 0.5 m thick greenish- gray marl layer 19 m above the base of the profile.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Hantkenina ( planktonic foraminifera ).

Climatically: Base of negative carbon isotopic deviation ( CIE) → Paleocene / Eocene Thermal Maximum
Based on Bank 1 in the sub-profile DBH.

Magnetostratigraphisch: based on magnetic polarity zone C26n Chrono.
30.5 m above the base of Itzurun formation.

The climate: the beginning of a shift in the carbon isotope and sea-level waste.
Base of the red marl of Itzurun lineup.

High iridium concentration in conjunction with a mass extinction.
Reddish layer on the basis of a 50 cm thick, dark Grenztons.

Mesozoic

Chalk

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Pachydiscus neubergicus ( ammonite ).

Biostratigraphically: extinction of Marsupites testudinarius ( crinoid ).

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus ( inoceramide shell).

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Cremnoceramus rotundatus ( inoceramide shell).

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Watinoceras devonense ( ammonite ).
Based on the Bank 86 Bridge Creek Limestone Subformation

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Rotalipora globotruncanoides ( planktonic foraminifera )
36 m below the top of the Marnes Bleues Formation -

So far not decided.

Magnetostratigraphisch: based on magnetic polarity chronozone m0r.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Spitidiscus hugii / Spitidiscus vandeckii group ( ammonites).

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of the genus Acanthodiscus ( ammonite ).

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Calpionellites darderi ( Calpionellide ).
Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Thurmanniceras pertransiens ( ammonite ).

So far not decided.

Law

Magnetostratigraphisch: based on magnetic polarity chronozone M22An.
Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of the genus Gravesia ( ammonite ).

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Pictonia baylei ( ammonite ).

Biostratigraphically: Cardioceras redcliffense horizon at the base of Cardioceras scarburgense subzone ( ammonites).

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of the genus Kepplerites ( ammonite ).

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Gonolkites convergent ( ammonite ).
Base of the limestone bank RB071 the Ravin du Bès profile

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of the genus Hyperlioceras ( ammonite ).
Base of the Bank of AB 11 Murtinheira profile.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of the genus Leioceras ( ammonite ).
Base of the Bank FZ 107

Biostratigraphically: Occurrence of Bifericeras donovani and the genera Apoderoceras ( ammonites).
Basis of bank 73b

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of the genera Vermiceras and Metophioceras ( ammonites).
0.90 m above the base of bank 145

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Psiloceras spelae ( first documented type of Psiloceras Ammonites group).
Climatically: Significantly above a sharp negative carbon isotope variation

Triassic

Biostratigraphically: based on the ammonite zone of Stikinoceras kerri

Base of the marl - limestone layer SW4, 45 m above the base of the San Cassiano formation.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of the genus Eoprotrachyceras ( ammonite ).
Based on a 15-20 cm thick limestone layer overlying a channel characteristic of limestone tubers in a clay matrix.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Chiosella timorensis ( Conodont ).
Magnetostratigraphisch: based on magnetic polarity chronozone MT1n.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Neospathodus waageni ( Conodont ).
Biostratigraphically: Below the earliest occurrence of the genera Flemingites and Euflemingites ( ammonites).

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Hindeodus parvus ( Conodont ).
Based on Bank 27c in profile Meishan D.

Paleozoic

Perm

Basis of bank 4a -2, 88 cm above the base of Changxing limestones within the profile Meishan D.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri ( Conodont ).
Based on Bank 6k in Penglaitan profile.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Jinogondolella postserrata ( Conodont ).
4.5 m above the base of the forthcoming profile of the Pinery Limestone Subformation the Bell Canyon Formation.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Jinogondolella aserrata ( Conodont ).
7.6 m above the base of the forthcoming Getaway Ledge profile of the Getaway limestone Subformation the Cherry Canyon Formation

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Jinogondolella nanginkensis ( Conodont ).
42.7 m above the base of cutoff formation.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Sweetognathus whitei ( Conodont ).

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Morphotyps Streptognathodus isolatus within the Chrono Kline Streptognathodus " wabaunsensis " ( Conodont ).
27 m above the base of bank 19

Carbon

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Idiognathodus simulator ( s.str. ) ( Conodont ).
Biostratigraphically: Near the first occurrence of the ammonite Shumardites.

So far not decided.

So far not decided.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Declinognathodus nodiliferus ( Conodont ).
82.9 m above the top of the Battleship formation within the lower Bird Spring formation.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of conodonts Lochriea ziegleri

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of benthic foraminifera Eoparastaffella simplex.
Based on bank 83 in Pengchong profile.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Siphonodella sulcata ( Conodont ). ( 2006 biostratigraphic problems in the GSSP known, see below)
Based on bank 89 in trench E '( but FAD of P. sulcata at the base of Bank 85).

Devon

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Palmatolepis triangularis ( Conodont ).
Biostratigraphically: Upper Kellwasser event: extinction of Conodontengattungen Ancyrodella and Ozarkodina and Goniatitenfamilien Gephuroceratidae and Beloceratidae.
Basis of bank 32a.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Ancyrodella rotundiloba ( Conodont ).
Based on bank 42 ' in the profile E.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Polygnathus hemiansatus ( Conodont ).
Based on Bank 123

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Polygnathus costatus partitus ( Conodont ).
21.25 m above the base of the exposed section and just below the bentonite Horologium II

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Polygnathus kitabicus ( Conodont ).
Based on bank 9 / 5th

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Eognathodus sulcatus sulcatus ( Conodont ).
Basis of Bank 12

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Monograptus uniformis ( Graptolith ).
Bank within 20

Silurian

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Monograptus parultimus ( Graptolith ).
Bank within 96

At the base of Leintwardine formation.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Saetograptus ( Colonograptus ) varians ( Graptolith ).
At the base of the Lower Elton Formation.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Cyrtograptus lundgreni ( Graptolith ).
Within the upper part of the Apedale - Subformation the Coalbrookdale Formation

Basis of Buildwas lineup.

Biostratigraphically: Just above the last occurrence of Eocoelia intermedia and below the first occurrence of Eocoelia curtisi ( brachiopods ).
Within the Wormwood lineup.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Monograptus austerus sequens ( Graptolith ).
Within the Trefawar lineup.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Akidograptus ascensus ( Graptolith ).
1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale.

Ordovician

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Normalograptus extraordinarius ( Graptolith ).
0.39 m below the base of Kuanyinchiao bank.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Diplacanthograptus caudate ( Graptolith ).
4 m above the base of the Bigfork Chert.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Nemagraptus gracilis ( Graptolith ).
1.4 m under a phosphorite marker horizon in the digestion E14B.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Undulograptus austrodentatus ( Graptolith ).
Based on Bank AEP 184

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Baltoniodus triangularis ( Conodont ).
10,57 m above the base of Dawan formation.

Biostratigraphically: Deepest occurrence of Tetragraptus approximatus ( Graptolith ).
In the lower Tøyen Shale, 2.1 m above the top of the Cambrian.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Iapetognathus fluctivagus ( Conodont ).
At 101.8 meters high, within bank 23, in the measured profile.

Cambrian

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Lotagnostus americanus ( trilobite ).

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Agnostotes orientalis ( trilobite ).

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of agnostoiden Glyptagnostus reticulatus ( trilobite ).
Climatically: Same as the base of Steptoean anomaly (SPICE ), a positive carbon isotopic deviation.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Lejopyge laevigata ( trilobite ).
121.3 m above the base of Huaqiao Formation

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Ptychagnostus atavus ( trilobite ).
62 m on the basis of shale Wheeler

So far, no decision

Biostratigraphically: The first appearance of trilobites Olenellus or Redlichia.

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of trilobites ( superfamily Fallotaspidoidae )

So far, no decision

Biostratigraphically: First occurrence of Trichophycus pedum ( trace fossil ).
2,4 m above the base of the 2 Subformation Chapel Iceland formation

Glacial period Myr Astronomy Radiometry Amsterdam Italy Porto Empedocle Cattolica Eraclea Messinian Carbonate Tortonian Ancona Serravallian Langhian Aquitanian (stage) Piave (river) Bartonian Apennine Mountains Luxor Zumaia Danian Maastrichtian France Campanian Santonian Inoceramidae Albian Aptian Barremian Hauterivian Valanginian Oxfordian (stage) Alpes-de-Haute-Provence Cabo Mondego Portugal Fuentelsaz Peniche, Portugal Pliensbachian Yorkshire West Somerset Dolomites Ladinian Bagolino Anisian Olenekian Changxing County Changhsingian Wuchiapingian Capitanian Guadalupe Mountains Wordian Roadian Cisuralian Kungurian Artinskian Sakmarian Asselian Gzhelian Kasimovian Moscovian (Carboniferous) Bashkirian Nevada Serpukhovian Liuzhou Famennian Givetian Eifel Klonk Ludlow Wenlock (Silurian) Llandovery Moffat Hirnantian Wangjiawan Yichang Katian Atoka County, Oklahoma Sandbian Darriwilian Huangnitang Changshan County Dapingian Huanghuachang Floian Tremadocian Newfoundland Furongian Jiangshanian Paibian Paibi Huayuan County Agnostida Guzhangian Guzhang County Drumian Terreneuvian Fortunian

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