Pontifical Academy of Sciences

The Pontifical Academy of Sciences (Latin: Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, it:. Pontificia Accademia delle Scienze, abbreviation PAS ) is a Pontifical Academy, which was founded in 1603 and later in 1936 by Pius XI. was recovered. It is under the protection of the reigning Pope. Your goal is to promote the progress in mathematics, physics and natural sciences and the study of related epistemological problems. The results of the meeting will be communicated to the Pope, who so informed about the latest scientific findings and these in turn can incorporate in its decisions and embassies.

The Academy is located in the Casina Pio IV in the heart of the Vatican Gardens. The list of members contains the most respected name of science of the 20th century, such as Stephen Hawking, as well as some Nobel Prize winners such as Ernest Rutherford, Max Planck, Niels Bohr, Otto Hahn and Charles Hard Townes.

History

The learned Roman Prince, Federico Cesi (1585-1630), a young botanist and naturalist who wanted his academics provide a method of research based on observation, experiment, and the inductive method. He called this thus Academy of lynx -like ( Accademia dei Lincei ), because the scientists were encouraged to have eyes as sharp as lynxes to penetrate the secrets of nature and to watch both levels microscopically and macroscopically. The leader of the first academy was the famous scientist Galileo Galilei. It was disbanded after the death of its founder and of Pius IX. restored in 1847 and was named Accademia dei Lincei Nuovi Pontificia ( Pontifical Academy of the new Lynx -like ). Founded in 1936 Pius XI. reprint it and gave it its present name. Paul VI. updated in 1976, subsequently their statutes and also John Paul II did so in 1986.

Since 1936, the Pontifical Academy of Sciences is concerned with both the investigation of certain scientific issues associated with the various disciplines and to the promotion of interdisciplinary collaboration. It has gradually increased the number of its graduates and the international character of its membership. The Academy is an independent body within the Holy See and enjoys freedom of research.

Members

The new members of the Academy are elected by all Academy members; selected men and women of every race, religion and no religious affiliation because of the high scientific value of their activities and their high moral profile. You are then officially appointed by the Pope. The Academy is headed by a President, who is elected from among the members by the Pope, which a scientific council and the chancellor are at your side.

President

The President of the Academy shall be appointed from among its members by the Pope. The current president is Nobel laureate Werner Arber, the first Protestant and the second after Carlos Chagas Filho layman.

Giuseppe Gianfranceschi SJ (1921-1936)
Agostino Gemelli, OFM (1936-1959)
Georges Lemaître (1960-1966)
Daniel O'Connell, SJ (1968-1972)
Carlos Chagas Filho (1972-1988)
Giovanni Battista Marini - Bettolo (1988-1993)
Nicola Cabibbo (1993-2010)
Werner Arber (since 2010)

Chancellor and Directors of the Academy

Pietro Salviucci, Chancellor (1936-1973)
Carlo Enrico Di Rovasenda OP, Vice - Director (1972 ), Director ( 1974-1986 )
Renato Dardozzi, Vice - Director (1985 ), Director (1987 ), Chancellor ( 1995-1997)
Giuseppe Pittau SJ, Chancellor (1997-1998)
Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo, Chancellor ( since 1998)

Ordinary members

Werner Arber (1981 - )
Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato (2012 - )
David Baltimore (1978 - )
Antonio M. Battro (2002 -)
Gary Becker (1997 - )
Daniel Adjei - Bekoe (1983 - )
Paul Berg (1996 -)
Enrico Berti (2001 -)
Günter Blobel (2001 -)
Thierry Boon (2002 -)
Joachim von Braun ( 2012 - )
Luis Caffarelli (1994 - )
Luigi Luca Cavalli - Sforza (1994 - )
Aaron Ciechanover (2007 -)
Claude Cohen- Tannoudji (1999 -)
Francis Collins ( 2009 -)
Suzanne Cory (2004 -)
Paul J. Crutzen (1996 -)
Edward M. De Robertis (2009 -)
Stanislas Dehaene (2008 -)
Manfred Eigen (1981 - )
Gerhard Ertl (2010 -)
Albert Eschenmoser (1986 - )
Antonio García- Bellido (2003 -)
Takashi Gojobori (2007 -)
Theodor W. Hänsch (2006 -)
Stephen Hawking (1986 - )
Michał Heller ( 1990 - )
Raymond Hide ( 1996 - )
Fotis Kafatos (2003 -)
Kr Kasturirangan (2006 -)
Klaus von Klitzing (2007 -)
Nicole Marthe Le Douarin (1999 -)
Tsung- Dao Lee ( 2003 -)
Yuan T. Lee (2007 -)
Jean -Marie Lehn (1996 -)
Pierre Léna (2001 -)
Juan Maldacena (2013 - )
Yuri Ivanovich Manin (1996 -)
Govind Menon (1981 - )
Beatrice Mintz (1986 - )
Jürgen Mittelstrass (2002 -)
Erna Möller (2013 - )
Mario J. Molina (2000 -)
Rudolf Muradyan (1994 - )
Miguel Nicolelis (2011 - )
Sergei Novikov (1996 -)
Ryoji Noyori (2002 -)
Czeslaw Olech (1986 - )
William D. Phillips ( 2004 -)
John Charles Polanyi (1986 - )
Ingo Potrykus (2005 -)
Frank Press (1999 -)
Yves Quéré (2003 -)
V. Ramanathan (2004 -)
Chintamani Rao (1990 - )
Peter H. Raven (1990 - )
Martin J. Rees (1990 - )
Alexander Rich ( 1978 - )
Ignacio Rodríguez- Iturbe (2007 -)
Carlo Rubbia (1985 - )
Vera Rubin (1996 -)
Roald Sagdeev (1990 - )
Michael Sela (1975 - )
Maxine Singer ( 1986 - )
Wolf Singer ( 1992 -)
Govind Swarup (2008 -)
Walter Thirring (1986 - )
Charles Hard Townes (1983 - )
Hans Tuppy (1970 - )
Rafael Vicuña (2000 -)
Edward Witten (2006 -)
Shin'ya Yamanaka (2013 - )
Chen Ning Yang (1997 - )
Ahmed Zewail (1999 -)
Antonino Zichichi (2000 -)

Members ad honorem

Georges Cottier, OP ( 1992 -)
Jean -Michel Maldamé OP ( 1997 - )

Members perdurante munere

Chancellor of the Academy: Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo (1998 -)
Director of the Vatican Observatory: José Funes, SJ (2006 -)
Prefect of the Vatican Library: Cesare Pasini (2007 -)
Prefect of the Vatican Secret Archives: Sergio Pagano B. (1997 - )

Deceased members

Emil Abderhalden
Anselmo Albareda OSB perdurante munere ad honorem
José María Herrera Albareda
António de Almeida
Ugo Amaldi
Christian B. Anfinsen
Edward Victor Appleton
Giuseppe Armellini
Charles Barrois
Sune Bergström
Charles Best
Emilio Bianchi
George David Birkhoff
Gaetano Bisleti ad honorem
Vilhelm Bjerknes
André Blanc- Lapierre Joseph
Aage Niels Bohr
Niels Bohr
Marcello Boldrini
Giovanni Battista Bonino
Karol Borsuk
Filippo Bottazzi
Leonard Eugene Boyle OP perdurante munere
Édouard Branly
Louis de Broglie
Hermann Alexander Brück
Keith Edward Bullen
Frederik Jacobus Johannes Buytendĳk
Nicola Cabibbo
Constantin Carathéodory
Antônio Cardoso Fontes
Alexis Carrel
Aldo Castellani
James Chadwick
Carlos Chagas junior
T. T. Chang
Georges Chaudron
Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere SMOM ad honorem
Amleto Giovanni Cicognani ad honorem
Bernardo M. Colombo
Giuseppe Colombo
Gustavo Colonnetti
Arthur William Conway
Edward Joseph Conway
Otto Detlev Creutzfeldt
Gaetano Arturo Crocco
Alistair Cameron Crombie
Héctor croxatto Rezzio
Eduardo Cruz - Coke
Lucien CUENOT
Giotto Dainelli
Giorgio Dal Piaz
Nicola Dalla Porta ad honorem
Renato Dardozzi ad honorem
Dante De Blasi
Aloysio de Castro
Christian de Duve
Filippo De Filippi
Ennio De Giorgi
Peter Debye
Paul Dirac
Johanna Dobereiner
Edward Adelbert Doisy
John Carew Eccles
Pierre Fauvel
Fritz Feigl
Ronald Aylmer Fisher ad honorem
Alexander Fleming
Fukui Ken'ichi
Riccardo Galeazzi - Lisi ad honorem
Julio Cesar Garcia Otero
José García- Siñeriz
Percy Cyril Claude Garnham
Alois Gatterer SJ perdurante munere
Agostino Gemelli, OFM
Wolfgang Gentner
Paul Germain
Ernesto Gherzi SJ
Alessandro Ghigi
Giordano Giacomello
Gustave Gilson
Francesco Giordani
Giovanni Giorgi
Martino Giusti perdurante munere
Emil Godlewski
Giuseppe Gola
Victor Gregoire
Camillo Guidi
Paul Guthnick
Otto Hahn
Werner Heisenberg
Veikko Heiskanen
Gerhard Herzberg
Victor Franz Hess
Walter Rudolf Hess
George de Hevesy
Corneille Heymans
Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
Sven Hörstadius
Bernardo Alberto Houssay
Alberto Hurtado
Stanley Jaki, OSB
Paul Janssen
Georg Joachimoglu
Gaston Maurice Julia
Joseph Junkes SJ perdurante munere
Theodore von Kármán
Willem Hendrik Keesom
Vladimir Isaakowitsch Keilis - Borok
Sidney Herbert Lang Field
Max von Laue
Jean Lecomte
Joshua Lederberg
Jérôme Lejeune
Luis Federico Leloir
Georges Lemaître
Pierre- Raphaël Lépine
Giuseppe Lepri
Louis Leprince Ringuet -
Tullio Levi -Civita
Rita Levi Montalcini -
André Lichnerowicz
William Liley
Jacques -Louis Lions
Stanisław Łojasiewicz
Luigi Lombardi
Manuel Lora- Tamayo
Paolo Luigioni
Feodor Lynen
Luigi Maglione ad honorem
Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani ad honorem
Guglielmo Marconi
Giovanni Battista Marini - Bettolo
Domenico Marotta
Carlo Maria Martini ad honorem
James Robert McConnell
António Augusto Esteves Correia Mendes
Angelo Mercati perdurante munere
Albert Michotte
Robert Andrews Millikan
San - ichiro Mizushima
Thomas Hunt Morgan
William Wilson Morgan
Giuseppe Moruzzi
Marcos Moshinsky
Joseph Edward Murray
Paul Niehans
Marshall Warren Nirenberg
Umberto Nobile
Adriaan Karel Marie Noyons
Severo Ochoa
Daniel Joseph Kelly O'Connell SJ
Minoru Oda
Thomas Risley Odhiambo
Jan Hendrik Oort
Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli ad honorem
George Emil Palade
Modesto Panetti
Nicola Parravano
Pio Paschini ad honorem
Crodowaldo Pavan
Antonio Pensa
Max Ferdinand Perutz
Ernst Felix Petrich
Émile Picard
Mauro Picone
Umberto Pierantoni
Carlo Pietrangeli ad honorem
Enrico Pistolesi
Giuseppe Pizzardo ad honorem
Max Planck
Cyril Andrew Ponnamperuma
George Porter
Vladimir Prelog
Bernard Pullman
Giampietro Puppi
Gaetano Quagliariello
Alfons Raes SJ perdurante munere
C. V. Raman
Silvio Ranzi ad honorem
Franco Rasetti
Marcel Roche
Pietro Rondoni
Carlo Enrico Di Rovasenda OP ad honorem
Keith Runcorn
Ernest Rutherford
Leopold Ružička
Martin Ryle
Abdus Salam
Pietro Salviucci ad honorem
Manuel Sandoval Vallarta
Wilhelm Schmidt SVD perdurante munere
Erwin Schrödinger
Michael Schumacher Lien SVD perdurante munere
Beniamino Segre
Francesco Severi
Charles Scott Sherrington
Salimuzzaman Siddiqui
Kai Siegbahn
Waclaw Sierpiński
Filippo Silvestri
Carlo Somigliana
Richard Southwood
George Sperti
Roger Sperry
Johan Stein SJ perdurante munere
Alfons Maria Stickler SDB perdurante munere
Robert Stoneley
Bengt Strömgren
Andrzej Szczeklik
Albert Szent- Györgyi of Nagyrápolt
János Szentágothai
Domenico Tardini ad honorem
Hugh Stott Taylor
Arne Tiselius
Eugène Tisserant ad honorem
Leonida Tonelli
Renato Antonio Toniolo
Patrick Treanor SJ perdurante munere
Armin Tschermak - Seysenegg
Alfred René Ubbelohde
Hamao Umezawa
Alfred origin
Giancarlo Vallauri
Charles- Jean de la Vallée Poussin
Vittorio Valletta ad honorem
Felix Andries Vening - Meinesz
Francesco Vercelli
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
Vito Volterra
Hermann Weyl
Robert Joseph White
Edmund Taylor Whittaker
Karel František Wiesner
Hideki Yukawa
Pieter Zeeman

Members with Nobel Prize

During the various decades of operation, the Academy a number of Nobel Prize winners had among its members. Many of them were appointed to academics before they had received this prestigious international award.

Ernest Rutherford ( Chemistry, 1908)
Guglielmo Marconi (Physics, 1909)
Alexis Carrel ( Physiology or Medicine, 1912)
Max von Laue (Physics, 1914)
Max Planck ( Physics, 1918)
Niels Bohr ( Physics, 1922)
Werner Heisenberg ( Physics, 1932)
Paul Dirac (Physics, 1933)
Erwin Schrödinger (Physics, 1933)
Peter Debye ( Chemistry, 1936)
Otto Hahn ( Chemistry, 1944)
Sir Alexander Fleming ( Physiology or Medicine, 1945)
Chen Ning Yang and Tsung- Dao Lee (Physics, 1957)
Joshua Lederberg ( Physiology or Medicine, 1958)
Rudolf Mössbauer (Physics, 1961)
Max F. Perutz ( Chemistry, 1962)
John Carew Eccles ( Physiology or Medicine, 1963)
Charles H. Townes (Physics, 1964)
Manfred Eigen and George Porter ( Chemistry, 1967)
Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg ( Physiology or Medicine, 1968)
Christian de Duve ( Physiology or Medicine, 1974)
George Emil Palade ( Physiology or Medicine, 1974)
David Baltimore ( Physiology or Medicine, 1975)
Aage Bohr ( Physics, 1975)
Abdus Salam (physics, 1979)
Paul Berg ( Chemistry, 1980)
Kai Siegbahn (Physics, 1981)
Sune Bergström ( Physiology or Medicine, 1982)
Carlo Rubbia (Physics, 1984)
Klaus von Klitzing (Physics, 1985)
Rita Levi Montalcini, ( Physiology or Medicine, 1986)
John C. Polanyi ( Chemistry, 1986)
Yuan T. Lee ( Chemistry, 1986)
Jean -Marie Lehn ( Chemistry, 1987)
Joseph E. Murray ( Physiology or Medicine, 1990)
Gary S. Becker ( Economics, 1992)
Paul J. Crutzen and Mario Molina J. ( Chemistry, 1995)
Claude Cohen- Tannoudji (Physics, 1997)
Ahmed H. Zewail (chemistry, 1999)
Günter Blobel ( Physiology or Medicine, 1999)
Ryoji Noyori ( Chemistry, 2001)
Aaron Ciechanover ( Chemistry, 2004)
Gerhard Ertl (chemistry, 2007)
Shin'ya Yamanaka ( Physiology or Medicine, 2012)

Other prominent academics were Father Agostino Gemelli, OFM (1878-1959), founder of the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Georges Lemaître (1894-1966), one of the fathers of contemporary cosmology and the Brazilian Carlos Chagas Filho neuroscientists.

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