Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff

Jonkheer Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff ( born August 7, 1872 in The Hague, † April 24, 1957 ) was a Dutch diplomat and statesman of the family of De Graeff. He also served as governor-general ( viceroy ) of the Dutch East Indies and served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands.

De Graeff was described as unorthodox politician remonstrantischer disposition, and wrongly accused of sympathy with the Christelijk - Historic Unie. He was no party and liberal. As Governor-General, he sought for an ethical government of the country which brought him into conflict with the nationalists. Zeitens his ministers stem the Netherlands returned to its policy of neutrality in 1914.

Family

De Graeff ancestors had been ruler of the city of Amsterdam in the 17th century. Andries Cornelis Dirk was the son of successfully operating in Japan diplomats Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek and Bonne Elizabeth Royer. That was a granddaughter of Adriana Petronella Countess of Nassau- LaLecq, and was thus a direct descendant of William the Silent ( William I of Orange ) and Maurice of Orange. De Graeff was with Jkvr. Caroline Angelique van der Wijk, a daughter of the then Governor General of the Dutch East Indies yrs. Carel Herman Aart van der Wijck married. This marriage sprang a son and four daughters; Jkvr. Bonne Elisabeth Wilhelmine Constance de Graeff was married to the later Dutch General Murk Boerstra. At the time of the wedding was stationed as military attaché Boestra in Japan and China and De Graeff envoy to Japan. Here he met De Graeff daughter know. The conclusion of the marriage of the son of a carpenter and of the nobles was based on the liberal, liberal ideology Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff.

Career

Between 1890 and 1895 he studied law at Leiden University, where he met his two friends living Johan Paul van Limburg Stirum and Frans van Blokland Beelaerts. Because of its excellent knowledge of constitutional law concerning the Colonial Minister Hendrik Jacob Bergsma became aware of him. After completing his studies, De Graeff went to the Dutch East India to accept a position as secretary to the Governor General Alexander Willem Frederik Idenburg. By his marriage with the daughter of the Governor General Van der Wijck he received a lobby within the Dutch- East Indian government.

Between 1900 and 1914 worked De Graeff as commissioner and later as secretary. In 1913 he was appointed general secretary. 1914 De Graeff was appointed to the Council of the Dutch East Indies. In 1917, he was Vice President of the Council. The following year he return because of personal difficulties in the Netherlands. De Graeff played the mediating role between governor-general Van Limburg Stirum and Colonial Secretary Idenburg, who said that the Governor General had too much legislative power in the East Indies. De Graeff lost through his mediation and eventual party name for Limbourg Stirum his desired post of Governor General. On this dead point in his career Foreign Minister Herman Adriaan van Karnebeek offered him the Dutch Embassy in Tokyo ( 1919-1922 ). Afterwards, he became ambassador to Washington ( 1922-1926 ).

Governor-general

1926 Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff received the long sought office of Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. This sought De Graeff a so-called ethical management concept build. He tried to win the confidence of the moderate nationalists, but was thereby isolated from all ( radical ) currents. In the Netherlands, De Graeff was regarded as " hyper- ethical". In the year of its commencement, there were excesses of the communist groups in Java and Sumatra. De Graeff put forth the peace and fined 4,500 activists with prison sentences. A year later, he expanded the consultative meeting of the Volksraad, without giving decision-making power. 1929, the conservative Simon de Graaff as successor by Jacob Christiaan Koningsberger was appointed as the new Minister of the Colonies, which De Graeff lost the political backing for its temperate colonial policy. De Graeff came into conflict with the nationalists and ultimately failed in his policy. 1931 returned Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff back because of its complete isolation from the homeland and the poor health of his wife to the Netherlands.

Secretary of State

In 1933 he was appointed on the basis of his ethical administration in the East Indies in the transformation of the Dutch government as foreign minister in the cabinet of Hendrik Colijn. In this role, he was with his childhood friend and Berlin envoy Count Johan Paul van Limburg Stirum in lively political cooperation. In his tenure as Foreign Minister, he led the Netherlands back to their former neutrality. In addition, he managed to strengthen the previously poor relations with the neighbors Belgium. 1937 De Graeff resigned due to the precarious political situation with the German Reich and the burgeoning extremism from his post as foreign minister. He had held no other political office more His last 20 years of life.

League of Nations

De Graeff was an active employee and delegate of the League of Nations and Anthony Eden; so he succeeded in the Netherlands to an entry in this move. He wanted to modify the League of Nations to prevent those back evolved into a purely advisory body. He was out of those automatically excluded for the resumption of Germany and for the lifting of all sanctions a country in an attack on another of the League of Nations. As an activist in the League of Nations, he also led the initiative to hold the Soviet Union. However, this company was vetoed by the Dutch Ministers and Switzerland. 1935 joined De Graeff against financial sanctions imposed by the League of Nations against Italy due to their occupation of the kingdom of Abyssinia on. Because of the resulting inconsistencies and the German rearmament and the occupation of the Rhineland, contrary to the Treaty of Versailles, the Netherlands returned to its policy of neutrality in 1914, which led to a weakening of the diplomatic position of the European democracies against the German and Italian Dikataturen.

Orders and Awards

Officer (1909 ) and Grand Cross member ( 1931) in the Grand Cross of the Order of Orange -Nassau
Ritter ( 1913) and Commander (1930 ) in the Order of the Netherlands Lion

Publication

Article 126 of the Grondwet, 1894, PhD, University of Leiden

Literature (excerpt)

Voor u Persoonlijk. Brieven van ministers van Buitenlandse Zaken yrs. A.C.D. de Graeff aan gezant J. P. graaf van Limburg Stirum ( 1933-1937 ). Ned. Hist. Genootschap, 1986
Cees Fasseur: Graeff, yrs. Andries Cornelis Dirk de ( 1872-1957 ). In: Biographical Woordenboek van Nederland, deel II, 190
B. de Graaff Een ' welwillend you met een vrij low werkelijkheidsbegrip '. In: De Nederlandse Minister van Buitenlandse Zaken in de twintigste eeuw, 1999
HT Colenbrander: Bij het aftreden van governor - generaal De Graeff. In De Gids 95 (1931), III, 373-404;
J. E. Stokvis Een landvoogdij. In: De Socialistische Gids 16 (1931) 824-831
Rn. Ms. Noto Soeroto Een groote Nederlander. Bij het Afscheid van jhr.mr. A.C.D. de Graeff van Indonesië. In Oedaya 8 (1931) 124-125
Herman Smit: Landvoogd tussen twee vuren. Jonkheer mr. A.C.D. de Graeff, governor - generaal van Nederlands- Indie 1926-1931. ISBN 978-90-8704-249-3, (2011)

Christian Historical Union Independent (politician) Communism Order of Orange-Nassau Pieter Both Gerard Reynst Laurens Reael Jacques Specx Hendrik Brouwer Cornelis van der Lijn Carel Reyniersz Joan Maetsuycker Cornelis Speelman Joan van Hoorn Abraham van Riebeeck Hendrick Zwaardecroon Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff Godert van der Capellen Johannes van den Bosch Willem Rooseboom Dirk Fock Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer Hubertus van Mook Louis Beel Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp Willem Anne Schimmelpenninck van der Oye Gerrit Schimmelpenninck Leonardus Antonius Lightenvelt Floris Adriaan van Hall Jan Karel van Goltstein Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg Gijsbert van Tienhoven Dirk Stikker Joseph Luns Norbert Schmelzer Max van der Stoel Chris van der Klaauw Hans van den Broek Hans van Mierlo Ben Bot Maxime Verhagen Uri Rosenthal Frans Timmermans Integrated Authority File

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