Brennerpass

Sign at the pass

The Brenner Pass, short burner (Italian Passo del Brenner Brenner or short ), is a border pass in the Eastern Alps between the Austrian state of Tyrol and the belonging to Italy Autonomous Province of Bolzano - South Tyrol.

The burner is 1370 m above sea level. A. the lowest mountain pass in the Eastern Alps main ridge (the lowest Talpass in the Eastern Alps of Schoberpass 849 m above sea level. A. ). Both access routes to the burner through the main valleys of the Alps: In the north the Sill and the Inn Valley, in the south the valleys of Eisack and Adige. The pass is along with St. Gotthard, Simplon and Mont Cenis one of the four major routes of Alpine transit, road transport the most widely used at all. He is also the busiest connection between Austria and Italy. In contrast to the Swiss passports, the emphasis here is not on the railroad, but on the road.

The area of the passport belongs to the municipality on the Italian side burner, on the Austrian to the municipality Gries am Brenner.

Name

In the older literature the origin of the word burner often refer to the people of the Alps Breuni or Brenni at the meeting, is said to have given the passport name. However, neither from antiquity nor from the early Middle Ages for the burner immediately handed a own name, but names as per alpes alpes Rhaeticas or by Noricas ( path through the Rhaetian Alps and Noric ).

The present village burner was in the 13th century still Mittenwald. Since 1288 is documented in the courtyard of a Prennerius de middle of the forest known in 1299 is called the Baumann of the court Chunradus Prenner de middle of the forest, where Prenner is as a name for a man who brandrodet interpreted. 1328 pass summit is called as if the Prenner. The medium-and neo-Latin name Mons Brennus appears at the end of the Middle Ages and early modern times. Sometimes there is also the name Vallis Tridentina ( Tridentine (Valley ) path ).

Geography

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The burner and the east and west running from his mountain chains form the watershed between the Sill (see also Wipptal ) and the Eisack - and thus the main watershed between the Adriatic and the Black Sea. Regional separates these watershed basins of great northern Alps currents Inn and Danube from the area south of the Alps (South Tyrol and Northern Italy ), mainly from the Adige (Italian Adige) and the Po is drained. The state border is not oriented exactly at the natural watershed, but runs a little north of it.

At the pass itself is located within the municipality burner (South Tyrol, Italy) belonging to the village, and on the Austrian side a small rotting called Brenner ( only burner ).

Burner axis

The torch route is the main transition between the two halves of Tyrol and for international transport is of great importance.

The transport connection comprises:

A four-lane toll road duty, built in the 1960s Brenner motorway, now a section of the European Route 45 The Brenner motorway is known in Austria as " Brenner Autobahn " (A 13), in Italy as " Autostrada del Brenner " (A 22)
The " Brenner Road " ( old pass road ), B182 on the Austrian side or SS 12 on the Italian side
A railway line, the Brenner railway
The connected to the Italian long-distance cycle route network burner cycle track on the Italian side

The Brenner route between Munich (519 m) above Innsbruck ( 574 m) and Bolzano ( 262 m) with the Po Valley.

In addition to be built by 2022, between Innsbruck and Fortezza about a 55 km long railway tunnel, the Brenner Base Tunnel ( BBT ). It thus aims at a substantial shift of transit freight from road to rail. The EU will contribute to the funding, the extent and the problem of the enormous transit traffic is still being negotiated. In this context, a new model of regulation of truck traffic, called the Alpine Crossing Exchange discussed.

History

Prehistory and early history through antiquity

Even in the Stone Age, there were paths that led through the burner ( under the name " Iceman " became known Eismann died 5,300 years ago, 50 kilometers west to 3,200 m).

In ancient times, different peoples used the Brenner Pass as a crossing of the Alps to Italy. So pulled the Germanic Cimbri on the burner, as they BC invaded the Roman Empire in 102. To deny access to Italy hostile peoples, the region was occupied by the Romans. In the year 15 BC drew a Roman army under the leadership of Drusus against weak resistance of the native tribes across the main Alpine ridge to the north, where it (probably at today's Augsburg -Oberhausen ) with the Gallic coming across the Lake Constance region troops under Drusus ' brother Tiberius united. While doing Drusus himself crossed the mountains over the Reschenpass, invaded in parallel in a pincer movement Publius Silius Nerva captains of his armies west of it by Lucius Calpurnius Piso Lower Engadine and east of it over the Brenner Pass to north. The Greek geographer and historian Strabo reported that especially south of the burner, the long-established population was completely exterminated or enslaved in part. The region was inhabited in the aftermath of a few Roman settlers, but also Norican settlers settled in Eisacktal and its many side valleys. The local people of Celtic origin inhabited the still barren valleys. So the Breuni be until the 10th century, mentioned in documents before they aufgingen entirely in the Bavarian population.

The pass was once the Roman period an important link between Italy and the province of Raetia. Between 195 and 215, Emperor Septimius Severus remove the old, unpaved paths and build a paved road, but was relatively narrow and very steep. This now Via Raetia called Roman road led from Verona and Tridentum ( Trento ) over the pass after Veldidena (today Innsbruck) and from there via the Seefeld saddle up Vindelicorum Augusta ( Augsburg). In the year 268 the Alamanni pushed over the torch from to Italy before at the Battle of Lacus Benaco (Lake Garda) were defeated in November of the same year.

Middle Ages

Due to the good design of the substructure and the trade route held as part of the Via Imperii to the Middle Ages. In 952 Emperor Otto I established the Margraviate of Verona, to secure the Brenner Pass militarily. In the Middle Ages it was the most happening Alpine pass. The increasing decay made on many sections only transport with pack animals possible. The narrow gorge of the Eisack north of Bolzano remained completely pathless; Travelers and shipments had south of Brixen dodge on the Ritten mountain range to the 14th century. In 1314 the Bolzano merchant Heinrich Kunter received the right to produce a mule track through the gorge from Bolzano to Klausen and for that to raise Wegzoll (hence the name of this section also Kunterschlucht ). Already in 1430 were about 90 percent of long-distance trade between Augsburg and Venice - 6500 freight cars per year - also handled by the " lower road " said Brenner route. In 1480 the Kuntersweg was extended to ride road, besides, black powder was first used for blasting of rocks. The 1485 was founded a trading post of the Fugger in Innsbruck and the laying of the major markets of Bolzano from 1487 to Mittenwald because of disputes between Duke Sigismund the Wealthy and Venice had the traffic over the Brenner continue to increase.

Modern Times

In 1522 a postal route over the Brenner Pass was established.

Like all other Alpine passes even this was not without danger: flood in summer, in winter avalanches made the crossing of the Alps uncertain. Established in 1777 by Empress Maria Theresa expand the pass. In September 1786 happened Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the pass on his trip to Italy.

1867 Brenner railway was only after three years of construction, the first railway line on the track opened.

Since 1919, runs along the Brenner Pass, the border between Austria and Italy. The mid-1930s began on the Brenner Pass and the surrounding periphery of the construction of military roads and fortifications of the Italian Vallo Alpino. These systems were reinforced expanded after the Anschluss of Austria to the German Reich in 1938. Mid-1942 had to be stopped work due to diplomatic tensions between Berlin and Rome. Today, there are still some remains of these plants.

1957 began construction of the Europe Bridge - and thus the implementation of the pioneer project Brenner motorway. On November 17, 1963, the highway was opened to traffic for.

On April 5, 1975 an avalanche on the South Tyrolean side spilled the Brenner Pass. Six people died in their cars. The pass was two weeks impassable. Only after that were built on the slopes avalanche.

Pictures

Station " Brenner / Brenner " on the pass

Route of the Brenner cycle path on the former above-ground track bed of Brennerbahnsüdrampe

Sill (river) Steinach am Brenner Sterzing Autostrada A22 (Italy) Stubai Alps Main chain of the Alps Noric Alps Medieval Latin New Latin Controlled-access highway Brennerautobahn Franzensfeste Nero Claudius Drusus Augsburg-Oberhausen Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (consul 15 BC) Battle of Lake Benacus Factory (trading post) Italian Journey Brocon Pass Campo Carlo Magno Cereda Pass Cibiana Pass Duran Pass Passo Fedaia Colle delle Finestre Gaviapass Giau Pass Hofmahdjoch Jaufenpass Karerpass Kreuzbergpass Livigno Pass Col de la Lombarde Manghenpass Mauriapass Mendelpass Mortirolopass Nigerpass Rolle Pass Colle di Sampeyre San Boldo Pass San Marco Pass Col de Tende Valparolapass Ammer Saddle Arlberg Dienten Saddle Feistritzsattel Filzen Saddle Flattnitz Pass Furkajoch Gaberl Pass Gailberg Saddle Gerichtsberg Pass Gerlospass Hahntennjoch Hals Pass Josefsberg Pass Kartitsch Saddle Katschberg Pass Kernhofer Gscheid Pass Kerschbaum Saddle Klammljoch Klostertaler Gscheid Kreuzberg Saddle Lahnsattel Niederalpl Pass Obdach Saddle Oberjochpass Ochsattel Pavlič Pass Perchauer Sattel Pfaffen Saddle Preiner Gscheid Pass Radlpass Rohrer Sattel Semmering-Pass Kleiner Semmering Pass Soboth (Pass) Thurn Pass Triebener Tauern Pass Ursprungpass Zellerrain Pass Brennersee Integrated Authority File

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