Kalmykia
46.544.75Koordinaten: 46 ° 30 'N, 44 ° 45 ' E
Kalmykia, Kalmykia and also Kalmykia (Russian Калмыкия; Kalmyk Хальмг Таңһч, Chalmg Tangghtsch ) is since 1992 an autonomous republic in the southern part of European Russia.
Kalmykia is the only region in Europe where Buddhism is the dominant religion.
Geography
Kalmykia is located on the northwest coast of the Caspian Sea and consists mainly of steppe. In the south of the Republic is the Manytsch lowlands. As a result of ill-planned and carried out irrigation projects Kalmykia is affected since the 1960s strongly influenced by desertification (desertification ). Meanwhile, speaking in relation to the Republic of the " first desert in Europe".
The climate is continental hard - the summer is hot and dry, the winter is little snow, sometimes very chilly. These climatic characteristics are exacerbated from west to east.
Population
The Kalmyks are a Mongolian people who arrived in the area of the lower Volga in the early 17th century. They are the only predominantly Buddhist nation in Europe. Another significant minority are the Meskhetian (2010: 3,675 people). Smaller ethnic groups within the Republic are the Tatars (2002: 1,076 people) and Belarusians (2002: 857 people).
The official languages are Kalmyk and Russian. The republic is inhabited extremely thin with an average of 3.7 inhabitants per square kilometer.
History
After the collapse of the Golden Horde in the 15th century of the Accession of Kalmykia of the Russian Empire was sealed by an agreement by the Kalmyk Khan. 1609 Kalmyk Khanate was established.
Ruler of the Kalmyks and Torghuud
- Khu Urluk 1616-1643
- Daichin (approx. 1661 abdicated ) and Louzang († 1659)
- Puntsuk
- Ayuki 1669-1724
- ...
- Ubashi 1761-1771/5
In Soviet times, Kalmykia received on November 4, 1920 the status of an autonomous region and on 22 October 1935, an Autonomous Oblast within the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ). Under the Soviets, the clergy and priests were persecuted, the Temple was destroyed (over 100). In the German -Soviet war, most of Kalmykia was captured in July 1942 by the German Wehrmacht and one Kalmükisches Cavalry Corps with 3,000 to 5,000 voluntary Kalmyks situated in the episode with the help of Prince Tundotow among other things, that fought on the side of the Germans. In December 1942, the Red Army reconquered the area.
1943, the Republic was dissolved. The entire people of the Kalmyks were deported on charges of collaboration with the Germans in the Asian part of the Soviet Union, the Republic capital Elista renamed Stepnoi and the Kalmyks removed from the list of the peoples of the Soviet Union. After the rehabilitation of the Kalmyks, the city was renamed back in Elista; January 9, 1957, the area again Autonomous Oblast and on July 29, 1958 again Autonomous Republic ( ASSR ) within the RSFSR and the Kalmyks returned home. After the dissolution of the USSR, Kalmykia kept the status of autonomy as a republic within the Russian Federation ( Federation Treaty of 31 March 1992 with Russia). President of the Republic was 1993-2010 Kirsan Ilyumzhinov. The Parliament of the Republic called People's Khural, which refers to the Mongolian tradition of Kalmykia. On October 24, 2010, Alexei Orlov new leader (President) of the Republic of Kalmykia.
Administrative divisions
The Republic is in 13 Rajons and a city circle that forms the capital Elista, broken. The Rajons are subordinated to a total of 2 112 urban and rural communities.
Notes:
Cities
The only big city is the capital of Kalmykia Elista. The nearest large towns are the two other cities in the Republic of Lagan and Gorodowikowsk and Rajonverwaltungszentren Zagan - Aman, Jaschkul, Iki - Burul and Troizkoje.
Economy
The Republic is predominantly agricultural. Only in the capital, Elista, there are some industry. Petroleum and natural gas reserves in the coastal area of the Caspian Sea are resources for foreign exchange.
National Sports
Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, the Kalmykia from 1993 to 2010 ruled as president, sought the establishment of chess as Kalmyk national sport. As a child Children are drilled in chess and it is in the school regular school subject.