Triple jump
The triple jump (English triple jump ) is a discipline of athletics. It consists of three successive jumps performed ( "hop", "Step", "Jump ").
The athlete runs on a runway to a take-off board, from which the jump is measured. The first landing after the jump board must be made with the same foot, was bailed out with. It follows the "Step" ( landing on the other foot ) and then the "jump " in the sand pit ( such as the long jump ), so that the hopping sequence " right-right- left" or "left -left-right " results. The take-off board is internationally removed at least eleven meters from the sand-filled pit. In national competitions and youth competitions can also be from 7 - and 9 -meter bar to jump. Each knight battling in the three and six ( the final ) trials.
The best triple jumper achieved a width of about 18 meters (world record: 18.29 m ) in men and about 15 meters in the women (world record: 15.50 m ).
The triple jump is one of the very beginning (1896 ) to the modern Olympic program, being at the Games in 1900 and 1904, a competition was held in the triple jump from the state. The first modern Olympic champion ever, James Connolly, was a triple jumper. Since 1996, the women's triple jump olympic is. The first triple jump competitions in Germany were held by 1896/1897.
- 6.1 medalist of the Olympic Games 6.1.1 Men
- 6.1.2 Stand Triple Jump, Men (1900, 1904)
- 6.1.3 Women
- 6.2.1 Men
- 6.2.2 Women
- 6.4.1 Men
- 6.4.2 Women
- 6.5.1 Men
- 6.5.2 Women
History
The term of the three- jump is already at the Olympic Games of antiquity ago, but there the sum of three single jumps was evaluated. Triple jump as a jump sequence is first detected in 1465.
In the German sports movement by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn triple jump was with leg change at each hop (right - left - right or left -right-left ) are common. In contrast, in Ireland in the 19th century, the time of origin of modern athletics, the three single jumps, each with the same leg executed ( " hop - hop - jump": right - right - left or right - left - left). "Jump hop - - step" applied from the end of the 19th century and later declared by the International Athletics Association IAAF generally binding in the U.S. was hopping sequence.
In Germany the triple jump for a long time found no recognition. He was for men until 1931 part of the German Championships as well as a run as a German record discipline.
In the women's triple jump, the earliest bests at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century were registered. After the world record of Japanese Rie Yamaguchi of 11.66 m in 1939 stagnated the development and improvement of this length was achieved with 12.43 m until 1981.
Milestones
- Men: First registered length: 12,95 m, Andrew Beattie ( professional athletes ) ( GBR), March 17, 1826 in Mount Benger
- First official world record: 15.52 m, Dan Ahearn (USA), May 30, 1911
- First length over 16 meters: 16.00 m, Naoto Tajima (JPN ), August 6, 1936
- Getting over 16.50 meters length: 16,56 m, Adhemar Ferreira da Silva ( BRA), March 16, 1955
- First length over 17 meters: 17.03 m, Józef Szmidt (POL ), August 5, 1960
- Getting over 17.50 meters length: 17,89 m, Joao Carlos de Oliveira ( BRA), October 15, 1975
- First length over 18 meters: 18.16 m, Jonathan Edwards ( GBR), August 7, 1995
- Women First registered length: 6.72 m ( indoors ), Mary Ayer (USA), April 21, 1899 in Bryn Mawr
- First length over 10 meters: 10.21 m, Ellen Hayes ( USA), April 3, 1911
- First length over 11 meters: 11,45 m, Kinue Hitomi (JPN ), November 1, 1925
- First length over 12 meters: 12.43 m, Terri Turner ( USA), May 9, 1981
- First length over 13 meters: 13.15 m, Terri Turner ( USA), March 24, 1984
- First length over 14 meters: 14.04 m, Li Huirong (CHN ), October 11, 1987
- First official world record: 14.54 m, Li Huirong (CHN ), August 25, 1990
- First length over 15 meters: 15.09 m, Birjukowa Anna (RUS ), August 21, 1993
- Getting over 15.50 meters length: 15,50 m, Inessa Krawez (UKR ), August 10, 1995
Successful athletes
Men:
- Triple Olympic champion: Viktor Sanejew (URS ) (1968, 1972, 1976)
- Two-time Olympic champion: Meyer Prinstein (USA), (1900, 1904) Adhemar Ferreira da Silva ( BRA), (1952, 1956) Józef Szmidt (POL ), (1960, 1964)
- Two-time World Champion: Jonathan Edwards (GBR ) (1995 and 2001), as well as Olympic champion in 2000 and Olympic silver medalist and 1996 World Championship silver medalist in 1997 World Championships and third in 1993 and 1999
Women:
- Inessa Krawez (RUS ): Olympic champion in 1996 and world champion in 1995
- Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS ): Two times World Champion (1997, 1999), as well as Olympic silver medalist and 2000 Olympic bronze medalist, 2004
Technology
The triple jumper reaches the greatest distance when he reached the best possible advantage of the start-up high horizontal velocity to the third jump, that is crucial is not just the bounce. In contrast to the long jump, the three single jumps run much flatter.
Basically there are two jump styles in question: Very springy Dreispringer achieve the first jump as large a distance and jump in the following relatively high. Your Stepping image resembles a " hopping ". The first part jump ( hop ) is usually the longest. ( Steep jump technique ).
Triple Jumper with great rapidity the other hand try to lose in the first two jumps as little speed. Your Stepping image resembles a " running ". In general, a third of them jump (jump) the farthest. ( Flat jump technique )
Individual elements of the three- jump
- Start - The length is about 35 to 42 meters, ie about 18 to 22 running steps. The steps are slightly longer than the width jumpers which can reach about 22 to 24 steps starting at about the same length.
- First jump ( hop ) - The jumper should both achieve the widest possible trajectory, his other hand, intent on minimum speed loss, which are opposing requirements. The take-off angle must therefore be just as high that for the next two jumps still have enough speed left. The take-off at an angle of about 14 to 16 degrees (long jump: 20 to 24 degrees ). The width of the first jump is about one meter below the long jump best. Strong triple jumper jump higher jump from sprint as fast and try to achieve quite a large expanse as possible with the first jump. Good Dreispringer reach over six feet. During the flight, the so-called leg switching, in which the anchor leg is brought forward again in the new position jump occurs.
- Second jump (step) - On the second jump, the body burden must be intercepted and accelerated again. The strain on the ankle bone is therefore higher than in the first jump, and at about the six times the body weight. The second jump is all jumpers of the shortest.
- Third jump (jump) - The third jump is similar to the long jump, as the knight jump off one foot and then only can focus on the best possible landing. Therefore, all three variants of the flight long jump (step long jump, float slope jump, running jump) come into question. Because of the significantly lower horizontal speed of the triple jumper can not get as far forward as the long jumper 's legs. Sprint Strong Dreispringer achieve their highest individual length with the third part jump and reach over six feet.
Width ratio between the three sub- jumps
Total length and width of the three jumps in world records (emphasis: the widest part jump)
Rules of Competition
The triple jump consists of hop, step and jump, the athlete must land in the hop with the same foot with which he has come off. At step he has to land on the other foot and run with this the jump. Thus, the jump possibilities arise: left - right - left or right - right - left. Each athlete has three attempts at once. After that, the top eight starters must complete three further experiments. Are only a maximum of eight athletes at the start, all six tests. For the start-up a runway of at least 40 m in length is required, which must be 1.22 m wide. The athlete must be of a beam, which is embedded in the ground, jump off. Here he may the so-called take-off line - so the edge of the bar is called, which is closer to the landing pit - do not touch. Right on the take-off line an insert board is placed with plasticine in the take-off board. Should the athlete violated, usually an imprint can be seen in the plasticine. The distance between the take-off line and the filled with wet sand pit is in the triple jump variable and adjust the performance level of the athlete. In international competitions, a distance of 13 m, in women of 11 m is recommended in men. If the 13 m beam as a basis, the distance to the end of the pit must be at least 21 m. The pit must be wide between 2.75 m and 3 m.
As a mistrial ( the decision is made by the umpire triple jump ) will be counted the following matters:
- Is not complied with the left - the prescribed order for Hop - Step - Jump, that is left - left - right - left or right
- The athlete running jump through without
- He loses on startup direction and jumps next to the take-off board from ( the hop and step, the approach lane to exit )
- He leads during start-up or jump some sort of somersault
- The ground outside of the pit is first touched in the landing or leaving the pit at a location that is closer to the branch line, as the impression in the pit
- The test period of one minute is exceeded
Determination of performance and ranking: is measured the distance from the take-off line to which this line closest to the body impression, which was caused by any part of the body. It is always rounded down to the nearest centimeter. The winner is the athlete who has achieved during one of his experiments, the greatest width. Should a tie exist in two or more athletes, the second best distance is taken into account - if necessary, the third-best distance, etc. In a tie for first place, the athletes have long further attempts until a winner is determined. (See IWR 184, 185, 186, 180.5, 180.17 and 180.20 )