Historian
A historian is a scientist who is engaged in the exploration and presentation of the story. In addition to the representatives of the science of history and the ancient, medieval and early modern historians are called historians, although they are not considered as a scientist in the modern sense - for better delineation is also often spoken only of " historians " or " historians ", but that does not necessarily is. The term " historian " is derived from the ancient Greek term ἱστορία [ hɪstoʁia ] (" exploration ", " exploring ").
- 8.1 Arab historian
- 8.2 Chinese historian
- 8.3 Japanese historian
- 8.4 Phoenician historian
Training
Since teaching and research in Germany the Basic Law after are free, anyone can call the historian, scientific or journalistic deals with historical issues. The Association of Historians of Germany ( VHD) but will only accept members who can demonstrate a relevant university degree or publications on historical topics. Many historians - if they work at their actual professional - act as teachers at schools and museums and archives, as journalists and textbook authors or comparatively little as scientists at universities and research institutes. Due to the limited budgets of public institutions some history graduates prefer the economy nowadays. There they are mainly active in the marketing and management consulting. However, the entry into the industry must often be achieved by additional qualifications. The learned in the study of key skills - research, analyze and present - are here for many employers is of great importance, which is why unemployment among historians studied is low overall.
At German universities, the study of history is completed with the degree of Bachelor or Master. These have the old master 's degrees or the state exam for teachers already largely replaced. The Otto -Friedrich- University Bamberg currently offers the only German university or a graduate degree in history at. The PhD. also applies to historians as evidence of ability for independent scientific work and is generally a requirement for an occupation as a historian. According to the guidelines of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (also) a historian shall apply from the promotion as a trained, independent scientists. Is a formal requirement for the clothing of a professorship in Germany today in the historical sciences in general, however, ( despite the introduction of the junior professorship ) to be the habilitation.
Subgroups
Historians are often specialized and then hot
- By periods: ancient historians, medievalists, historians modern times, contemporary historians, etc.
- By themes: social historian, mentality historians, cultural historians, economic historians, etc.
- Or by region: Byzantinists, Americanists, etc. - there is often an overlap with appropriate language and cultural studies; Regional historian.
There is also the historical auxiliary sciences with disciplines such as diplomatics, paleography, chronology, heraldry, numismatics, epigraphy, genealogy, etc. Just outside the actual historians are archaeologists with their scientific approach and also the prehistory and early history, since the written sources play no role. The beginning of the " real" story is often defined with the onset of a written culture, therefore, the science of history for the most part is a letter science. However, historians are also open to the insights of other disciplines.
Historians of antiquity
The following assignments to the Greek or Roman Latin historiography addressed to 300 AD according to the language used in the works, not to the origin of the authors.
Greek -speaking historian to about 300 AD
The following list is sorted alphabetically. For a chronological overview, see List of Greek-speaking historian of the ancient world.
Roman historian until about 300 AD
Late antique historians (about 300 to 600 AD )
Byzantine historian
From the Middle Ages to the early modern period
Historians of the 18th and 19th century
- List of historians of the 18th and 19th century
Historians of the 20th and 21st centuries
- List of historians of the 20th and 21st centuries
Historians of non-European cultures
Other cultures have developed forms of comprehensive historiography, especially in the Islamic world and in today's People's Republic of China. The oldest tradition of historiography is over 3,000 years old and comes from China. Here, however, the oldest historians are not known by name, but their works already have a documentation of the sources used; only with Sima Guang's Zizhi Tongjian 1084 is then present a precise description of the historiographical methods.
The Islamic historiography ( ilm at- Tuarikh ) is of religious origin. History was considered a tradition science whose order was the genuine tradition central religious content. To this end, served the Arab historian sophisticated methods of source criticism, which is based on so-called " Überliefererketten " ( isnad ). In later times we find increasingly secular works of the content.
Arab historians
- Tabari (Al -Tabari, 839-923 )
- Al - Baladhuri († about 892 )
- Al - Mas'udi (around 895-957 )
- Usama ibn Munqidh (1095-1188)
- Ibn al - Athir (1160-1233)
- Ibn Challikan (1211-1282)
- Ibn Khaldun ( Ibn Khaldun, 1332-1406 )
- Al- Maqrizi ( Maqrizi, 1364-1442 )
- Ibn ʿ Asaakir (1105-1176)
Chinese historians
- Sima Qian (Han Dynasty ) (c. 145 BC to 90 BC)
- Ban Gu (Han Dynasty ) ( 32-92 )
- Faxian ( Jin Dynasty around 337 to around 422)
- Sima Guang ( Song Dynasty ) ( 1019-1086 )
Japanese historian
- Ishimoda Shô (1912-1986)
- Inoue Kiyoshi