High jump
High Jump is a discipline in athletics in which an athlete or an athlete trying to achieve maximum height when jumping over a bar. The bar is four meters long and as supported on two uprights that they fall down in a light touch. The high jump will be played as a single discipline, as well as a sub-discipline of all-around competitions such as the Seven and the decathlon.
Over time, the jumping technique was repeatedly altered, so that in the meantime, skip much greater heights than their own body size. The best men reach over 2.40 meters (world record: 2.45 m ), the best women over 2.05 meters (world record: 2.09 m). The high jump is an Olympic discipline since 1896 for men and 1928 for women. From 1900 to 1912, a competition was held in the state high jump at the Olympics.
- 6.1 medalist of the Olympic Games 6.1.1 Men
- 6.1.2 Women
- 6.2.1 Men
- 6.2.2 Women
- 6.4.1 Men
- 6.4.2 Women
- 6.6.1 Men
- 6.6.2 Women
History
The high jump was no discipline of the Olympic Games of antiquity, however, is delivered as a competition of the Celts. In England there was from the middle of the 19th century high jump competitions. Women's competitions were held first in 1895 in the United States. At the Olympics high jump for men is since the first few games, 1896, in the program, for women since 1928 ( the first games with female participation in athletics disciplines ).
1865 already formulated the valid to the present rules in competitions in England, according to which each DOMICILED height three attempts are allowed, after a failed attempt no less height must be sampled and must be jumped with one foot.
Since 1925, the contact surfaces need to be matched for the bar, so that a mere touch already leads to breakage. By 1936, it is stipulated that the first part of the body, the feet have to cross the bar. Today you cross the bar head first.
Milestones
- Men First over six feet ( 1,828 m): Marshall Brooks ( GBR), 1876
- First by the IAAF officially recognized world record: 2.00 m, George Horine (USA), May 18, 1912 Palo Alto
- First over 2.05 meters: 2.06 m, Walter Marty (USA), April 28 1934 Palo Alto
- First over 2.10 meters: 2.11 m, Lester Steers (USA), June 17, 1941 Los Angeles
- First over 2.20 meters: 2.22 m, John Thomas (USA ), 1960
- First over 2.30 meters: 2.30 m, Dwight Stones (USA ), 1973
- First over 2.40 meters: 2.40 m, Rudolf Powarnizyn (URS ), 1985
- First over 1.70 meters: 1.71 m, Fanny blanker - Koen (HOL ), 1943
- First over 1.80 meters: 1.80 m, Iolanda Balas (ROM ), 1958
- First over 1.90 meters: 1.90 m, Iolanda Balas (ROM ), 1961
- Getting over 2 meters: 2.00 m, Rosemarie Ackermann (DDR ), 1977
- First over 2.05 meters: 2.05 m, Tamara Bykova (URS ), 1984
The biggest difference between the body and jump height - 59 centimeters - generated Franklin Jacobs (USA): At a size of 1.73 m he skipped 1978, the height of 2.32 m. This was achieved in 2005 by Stefan Holm, who jumped over 2.40 m at 1.81 m height. In the women's record of 35 inches holds the Italian Antonietta Di Martino in the hall 2.04 m above jumped in February 2011, their record in the open air is 2.03 m. Di Martino is 1,69 m tall. According to her, the Greek Niki Bakogianni, the 1.71 m Height 2.03 m in 1996 jumped skipped by 32 centimeters, the second largest difference.
Successful athletes
- Twice Olympic champion Iolanda Balas were (ROM ), 1960 and 1964 and Ulrike Meyfarth (FRG ), 1972 and 1984
- One gold and two silver medals at the Olympic Games won Sara Simeoni (ITA ), 1980 gold, 1976 and 1984 silver.
- The once gold and silver at the Olympics won Con Leahy (IRL ), 1906 Gold, 1908 Silver, Valery Brumel (URS ), 1964 Gold, 1960 Silver, Jacek Wszola (POL ), 1976 Gold, 1980 Silver and Javier Sotomayor (CUB ), 1992 gold, 2000 silver.
- The two gold and two silver medals at world championships won Javier Sotomayor (CUB ): He won in 1993 and 1997, and 1991 and 1995 runner-up.
- The twice world champions were Stefka Kostadinova (BUL ), 1987 and 1995, Hestrie Cloete (RSA ), 2001 and 2003 and Blanka Vlasic (CRO ) 2007 and 2009.
Techniques
To cross the bar there are several techniques. Compulsory but that will come off with only one leg.
The oldest technique in the high jump is the front squat. You walk straight up to the bar and jump powerfully. The arms and the talus are thereby pulled up (as in a squat ). Then you draw the legs, which are still in a squatting position, towards the body. After they had crossed the bar, you landed feet first on the mat. The height, which is achieved thereby is by no means be compared with the height, which is achieved when Fosbury -flop, because the center of gravity is higher than the bar, with this technique.
For a long time was the dominant shear jump, where the jumper crossed with an upright upper body the bar, the bar the next leg is thrown straight upward to cross the bar. The shear jump showed for the first time William Page (USA) in 1874.
He was replaced by the roll jump and later the tome or straddle, in which the jumper crosses the bar face down. Talus is the next leg of the crossbar, while the swing leg moves through an arc up over the bar. In its purest, as a dive tome, he is now the usual flop almost equal. The last major straddle Springer was the launching of the Soviet Union, Russia's Vladimir Jaschtschenko, the 2.33 m, 2.34 m and ( unofficially ) aufstellte 2.35 m world records in 1977 and 1978. The first 2 -meter jumper, Rosemarie Ackermann, used the straddle. With the flop Ulrike Meyfarth in 1972 at the age of 16 years Surprise Olympic champion.
After soft mats were placed behind the bar, it has been possible to develop other methods. The currently practiced method was developed by the American Dick Fosbury, with this in 1968 in Mexico City won gold at the Olympics. Some ten years before, it was Fritz Pingl, for the first time introduced this of jump at the Austrian Athletics Championships. However, they found no international attention since Fritz Pingl never participated in international championships. The jumper runs at start-up a curve, turns on the jump or in the increase phase of the hull and crossed the bar backwards.
On the flop, a distinction between the "Speed flop " in which the jumper jump off from a high starting speed, and the "Power flop " in which the jumper is gaining its altitude more from the bounce. The take-off is the speed flop shallow (45 to 55 ° ) for the Power flop steeper ( 55-65 °). Flight parabola is the speed flop therefore flatter and longer, the Power flop steeper and shorter. Depending on the assessment examined each Springer its individual optimal parameters ( start-up speed, take-off angle, crossing behavior).
Definitively the flop style was not until after 1980 at all leading jumpers. In the drawing, right here, however, the body center of gravity ( KSP ) and his parable are unrealistic. In reality, the KSP is at this stage and posture at best accurate to bar height. The belief that the flop was superior to straddle in this regard, perhaps nourished by such illusory representations.
Other techniques are parallel -back roll jump and shear sweeping jump.
Rules of Competition
The initial height and the increases (at least two centimeters) high jump will be announced before the competition, and each athlete must call its entry height. Each athlete has three attempts per pass - ie height - too. He has the three experiments, however, do not run over this height, but can do without, for example, after two failed attempts on the third attempt, which means that it must run this third attempt at the next level. About this height, it has only a single trial in this case. After three consecutive failed attempts - without regard to jump height - he has no more right to further jumps. Waived an athlete on a height, so he may try the next level again until. If only one athlete in the competition and he won it, so it can determine the further height increases itself. All jump heights are measured in whole centimeters, with the top edge of the bar is crucial. Since the bar sags slightly (allows a maximum of two inches ), measured in the middle of the gauge perpendicular to the ground.
The following facts are as mistrial ( the decision is made by the umpire high jump ) counted:
- The athlete does not start with one foot on
- The athlete touches the bar during the jump so that it does not remain on the jockeys ( the bar is blown away by a gust of wind from the trailers, this is not a miss - it remains a touch lie, this is not a failed attempt )
- Vertically below the jump bar is laterally and between the uprights abmarkiert a white line where the front edge coincides exactly with the front edge of the crossbar. Touches the athlete with any part of his body that line the floor behind it or the mat, which can be seen as a failed attempt.
- The test time must not be exceeded. If more than three competitors it is one minute, at two or three athletes and a half minutes - and is only one in the competition, he may be up to two minutes for his attempt.
Determining the Ranking / tie / tie-break
The winner is the athlete with the highest skipped height. When the number of ties, the athlete with the lower number of experiments on the last level is better placed. There is still a tie, the total number is determined on failed attempts, including the last skipped height. The athlete with the lower number is better placed.
For better understanding, here is a stylized contest protocol (O = Valid, X = mistrial - = waived above-mentioned V. = no valid trial ):
If after consideration of all of these criteria is still a tie for first place, so there is a tie-break. Where the tie is not the first place, the athletes will be seated right away.
In the tie-break procedure is as follows: The equal standing contestant perform another attempt on the next following amount after successfully skipped height. All make it so the bar is placed two inches higher, tear all, she is placed two inches deeper. Until the decision of only one attempt on each level is performed.
The following example shows the tie-break of the two leaders of a competition:
Note: In German athletics competitions is determined by the race director, if there is a tie-break (IWR R 181.8 )
(See IWR 180.17, 180.20, 181 and 182)